Emu Oil and Saireito in combination reduce tumour development and clinical indicators of disease in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked DownloadBackground: Emu Oil (EO) previously demonstrated therapeutic potential in a mouse model of colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC). Saireito, a traditional Japanese medicine, has not been investigated in CA-CRC. Aim: To determine whether EO and Saireito could be therapeutic in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of CA-CRC. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to groups (n = 10/group); 1) saline control, 2) saline+Saireito, 3) saline+EO, 4) saline+EO/Saireito, 5) AOM/DSS control, 6) AOM/DSS+Saireito, 7) AOM/DSS+EO and 8) AOM/DSS+EO/Saireito. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or AOM (7.4 mg/kg) on day 0 and underwent three DSS/water cycles (2%w/v DSS for 7 days, 14 days water). Mice were orally-gavaged with either water (80 µL), Saireito (80 µL), EO (80 µL) or EO/Saireito (160 µL; 80 µL EO + 80 µL Saireito) thrice weekly. Daily bodyweight and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded and colonoscopies performed on days 20, 41 and 62. Mice were euthanized on day 63. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: AOM/DSS induced significant bodyweight loss throughout the trial (max -36%), which was attenuated by Saireito (max +7%), EO (max +5%) and EO/Saireito (max +14%; p < 0.05). AOM/DSS increased DAI compared to saline controls (p < 0.05), which was reduced by Saireito, EO and EO/Saireito (p < 0.05). All treatments reduced colonoscopically-assessed colitis severity (days 20 and 41; p < 0.05). EO/Saireito further decreased colitis severity compared to Saireito and EO alone (day 20; p < 0.05). Finally, EO and EO/Saireito resulted in fewer colonic tumours compared to AOM/DSS controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined EO and Saireito reduced disease and tumour development in AOM/DSS mice, suggesting therapeutic potential in CA-CRC. Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Emu Oil; Kampo medicine; Mouse model; Nutraceuticals; Ulcerative colitis.Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science AgriFutures Australi

Emu oil promotes intestinal repair in rat models of enteric inflammation.

Several disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract including ulcerative colitis, chemotherapy-induced mucositis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)- induced enteropathy, are characterised by inflammation, ulceration, mucosal damage and malabsorption. Treatment options are variably effective, highlighting the need to broaden therapeutic approaches, including adjunctive strategies. Emu Oil, derived from subcutaneous and retroperitoneal Emu adipose tissue, is a rich source of fatty acids (FA). Despite limited rigorous scientific studies, topically applied Emu Oil has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. Previously, orally administered Emu Oil improved intestinal architecture in a rat model of mucositis, with early indications of enhanced intestinal repair. Accordingly, this thesis investigated the effects of orally administered Emu Oil in rat models of colitis (colonic damage), NSAID-enteropathy (small intestinal [SI] damage) and on the time course of SI repair in chemotherapy-induced mucositis. In the current study, Emu Oil improved colonic tissue damage associated with dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in Sprague Dawley rats and facilitated the repair process (Chapter 2). Improvements were indicated histologically by reduced intestinal damage severity scores and enhanced crypt compensatory elongation in the colon. These findings suggested the potential for Emu Oil to augment conventional treatment approaches for colitis. The effectiveness of Emu Oil in the colon provided impetus to further investigate Emu Oil action proximally, in the SI. In a rat model of chemotherapy (5-Fluorouracil; 5- FU)-induced mucositis, Emu Oil maintained SI villus height and crypt depth during the phase of maximal damage (Chapter 3). This was followed by an enhanced compensatory mucosal thickening, suggesting an acceleration of the repair process. Furthermore, Emu Oil significantly decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, indicative of acute inflammation, in the jejunum and ileum of 5-FU-injected rats. Potent anti-inflammatory properties of Emu Oil were reaffirmed in NSAID (Indomethacin)-induced enteropathy, whereby MPO activity in the jejunum and ileum of Indomethacin-treated rats was markedly decreased following Emu Oil administration (Chapter 4). Treatments for diseases such as coronary artery disease and GI disorders seek to minimise oxidative damage by free radicals through the use of antioxidants. Oils derived from ratites (flightless birds) predominantly comprise FA varying in composition between ratite species. The influence of farm location, rendering method, duration and storage mode was investigated for free radical scavenging activity (RSA) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl and primary oxidation status of Ratite Oils (Chapter 5). Emu Oil conferred the greatest RSA compared to Ostrich and Rhea Oil, potentially attributed to its high unsaturated FA: saturated FA ratio and non-triglyceride fraction minor constituents. Rendering and storage variables impacted on Emu Oil RSA and primary oxidation. This thesis identified Emu Oil as a safe, renewable and economical means to augment pharmaceutical options for GI disorders. A new mechanism of action for Emu Oil could represent a promotion of repair from injury together with decreased SI inflammation. This suggests potential for Emu Oil as an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for colitis, cancer management and long-term NSAID usage.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 201

Emu oil promotes repair from chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in rats

SM Abimosleh, CD Tran, GS Howart

Orally administered Emu Oil reduces acute intestinal inflammation in a rat model of NSAID-induced enteropathy

NutritionJE Bajic, GS Howarth, EM Penascoza, SM Abimosle

Emu oil maintains intestinal goblet cell numbers and reduces acute inflammation in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis

Daniel Stiel, Clare Bayram, Graeme C Miller, Lisa Valenti, H Krum, N Stocks, Julien P De Jage