Chapter 1 One Health

The call for a One Health approach that transcends species and disciplinary boundaries assumes that human and veterinary medicine are discrete, distinctive domains whose separation must be overcome to achieve health benefits for all. This paper will problematize this assumption by demonstrating that until relatively recently, their boundaries were extremely fluid. Referring to specific examples over the period 1790-1900, it demonstrates that human medicine was once deeply zoological, and encompassed a host of species, practices and social relations that overlapped with those of veterinary medicine. While One Health today focusses selectively on animals as transmitters of zoonotic diseases or as experimental models of human disease, past animal participants in medicine were far more than that. As victims of naturally occurring diseases, they enabled doctors to think generically and comparatively about medical and biological problems, while as disease subjects they encouraged clinical interventions. Their investigation and management could prompt collaboration between doctors and vets. However, veterinary ambitions also encouraged competition. In time, this led to the hardening of boundaries between the professions and their subjects, and subsequent efforts to transcend them under the banner of One Health

From One medicine to Two: The Evolving Relationship between Human and Veterinary Medicine in England, 1791-1835

This article offers a novel perspective on the evolving identities and relationships of human medicine and veterinary medicine in England during the decades that followed the 1791 foundation of the London Veterinary College. Contrary to the impressions conveyed by both medical and veterinary historians, it reveals that veterinary medicine, as initially defined, taught and studied at the college, was not a domain apart from human medicine but rather was continuous with it. It then shows how this social, cultural, and epistemological continuity fractured over the period 1815 to 1835. Under the impetus of a movement for medical reform, veterinarians began to advance an alternative vision of their field as an autonomous, independent domain. They developed their own societies and journals and a uniquely veterinary epistemology that was rooted in the experiences of veterinary practice. In this way, "one medicine" became "two," and the professions began to assume their modern forms and relations

Chapter 1 One Health

The call for a One Health approach that transcends species and disciplinary boundaries assumes that human and veterinary medicine are discrete, distinctive domains whose separation must be overcome to achieve health benefits for all. This paper will problematize this assumption by demonstrating that until relatively recently, their boundaries were extremely fluid. Referring to specific examples over the period 1790-1900, it demonstrates that human medicine was once deeply zoological, and encompassed a host of species, practices and social relations that overlapped with those of veterinary medicine. While One Health today focusses selectively on animals as transmitters of zoonotic diseases or as experimental models of human disease, past animal participants in medicine were far more than that. As victims of naturally occurring diseases, they enabled doctors to think generically and comparatively about medical and biological problems, while as disease subjects they encouraged clinical interventions. Their investigation and management could prompt collaboration between doctors and vets. However, veterinary ambitions also encouraged competition. In time, this led to the hardening of boundaries between the professions and their subjects, and subsequent efforts to transcend them under the banner of One Health

Science, Disease and Dairy Production in Britain, c1927-80

This article sheds new light on the relationship between scientific research and livestock production through a case study of the dairy cow disease, mastitis. Despite intensive scientific research, the prevalence of this widespread, costly problem barely changed in the period c.1927–80. Analysis of three successive framings of mastitis within the broader context of agricultural change suggests that this outcome did not reflect the failure of research, but rather its partial success. Throughout, scientists approached mastitis as a problem of production rather than health. In helping to control one form of mastitis, their investigations facilitated the adoption of more intensive farming methods, which increased milk output while encouraging the emergence of a different form of the disease. This process illustrates the co-construction of cattle health, scientific research and milk production practices. It also shows how productivist agricultural agendas and the practicalities of scientific investigation moulded the conduct of research and its effects on production

A Correlation Study of Leadership Indicators and Literacy Outcomes: Examining a State Adopted Leadership Assessment Model

In an attempt to shed light on the possible impact certain leadership practices might have on student outcomes in literacy, this research considers the relationship of selected effective leadership traits and their impact on the implementation of a literacy intervention program. If it is true that all schools\u27 have as their primary goal to prepare students for the rigorous learning, reading and analyzing required that is expected to be successful in the future, then examining the role that leadership might have on that goal remains important. Further, it is the hope that this analysis might further educators\u27 understanding on the topic of leadership skills and practices that are essential to increase literacy outcomes, specifically within an intervention program. Toward capturing data that aligned with successful leadership, this study focuses on the leadership skills that are part of the state adopted evaluation protocol. These indicators are considered in the evaluation of principals in the state of South Carolina and used to determine their effectiveness as instructional leaders. These measures are correlated to the expected gains of students within a structured intervention program. The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree to which effective leadership relates to literacy outcomes. This study is designed to focus on the characteristics of principals outlined by the evaluation tool and how these specified characteristics relate to literacy outcomes. The fuel behind this study is the need for clarity about the nature of leadership assessment and actual leadership practice in regards to literacy. Put differently, the research question moves toward examining the degree to which the assessment of the school leader is consistent with the emphasis on literacy. Certainly, the hope for some policy makers is that by increasing the success of students\u27 reading levels, schools will, in turn, prepare more students for the rigorous learning, reading and analyzing required to be successful in the future. With literacy in the forefront of educational policy, research focus and millions of dollars being allocated for its development, principals need to have a set of skills that will enhance literacy within school settings. Thus, the examination of the evaluation tool as it relates to literacy within this study is valuable information. It is hopeful that leaders will be more knowledgeable about leadership behaviors or qualities, which they can more readily concentrate on so that they will strengthen their leadership overall. The focus question leading the research is: To what extent do leadership practices, as measured by a state adopted instrument, relate to the success of literacy intervention programs at an individual school setting

Animal roles and traces in the history of medicine, c1880-1980

This paper argues for the need to create a more animal-centred history of medicine, in which animals are considered not simply as the backdrop for human history, but as medical subjects important in and of themselves. Drawing on the tools and approaches of animal and human–animal studies, it seeks to demonstrate, via four short historical vignettes, how investigations into the ways that animals shaped and were shaped by medicine enables us to reach new historical understandings of both animals and medicine, and of the relationships between them. This is achieved by turning away from the much-studied fields of experimental medicine and public health, to address four historically neglected contexts in which diseased animals played important roles: zoology/pathology, parasitology/epidemiology, ethology/ psychiatry, and wildlife/veterinary medicine. Focusing, in turn, on species that rarely feature in the history of medicine – big cats, tapeworms, marsupials and mustelids – which were studied, respectively, within the zoo, the psychiatric hospital, human–animal communities and the countryside, we reconstruct the histories of these animals using the traces that they left on the medical-historical record

Chapitre 1 - One Health dans l’histoire

Introduction Ce chapitre présente l’histoire de One Health. Cette tâche soulève d’emblée la question de savoir comment aborder l’histoire d’un sujet qui n’a pris le nom de « One Health » qu’il y a quelques années, et qui évolue encore conceptuellement sous l’influence des défis de la santé, des avancées scientifiques et des priorités politiques, économiques, environnementales et professionnelles. Bien qu’il y ait eu de nombreux ..

From healthy cows to healthy humans: Integrated approaches to world hunger, c. 1930-1965

This chapter is concerned with diseased and under-nourished dairy cattle, and how they came to be perceived simultaneously as threats to agriculture and as contributors to world hunger and malnutrition. Moving from inter-war Britain and its empire, to the post-war international stage, it explores how developments in nutritional science and veterinary medicine combined with economic depression, war-time food shortages, and the aftermath of war, drew attention to the undernourished, unhealthy bodies of both cows and humans, and suggested connections between them. Enrolled by the United Nations and its agencies in their campaign against hunger in the developing world, cows inspired the formation of new health structures that aimed to tackle their unproductive bodies. Within them, experts in human health, veterinary medicine and agricultural science came together to survey the situation, and plan interventions that would create new bovine bodies and new experts capable of supporting their provision of health and nutrition to humans

Introduction to "Working Across Species"

Comparison between different animal species is omnipresent in the history of science and medicine but rarely subject to focussed historical analysis. The articles in the ‘‘Working Across Species’’ topical collection address this deficit by looking directly at the practical and epistemic work of cross-species comparison. Drawn from papers presented at a Wellcome-Trust-funded workshop in 2016, these papers investigate various ways that comparison has been made persuasive and successful, in multiple locations, by diverse disciplines, over the course of two centuries. They explore the many different animal features that have been considered to be (or else made) comparable, and the ways that animals have shaped science and medicine through the use of comparison. Authors demonstrate that comparison between species often transcended the range of practices typically employed with experimental animal models, where standardised practises and apparatus were applied to standardised bodies to produce generalizable, objective data; instead, comparison across species has often engaged diverse groups of nonstandard species, made use of subjective inferences about phenomena that cannot be directly observed, and inspired analogies that linked physiological and behavioural characteristics with the apparent affective state of non-human animals. Moreover, such comparative practices have also provided unusually fruitful opportunities for collaborative connections between different research traditions and disciplines