Efficacy of intraoral antiseptics in SARS-CoV-2 infection control in dental clinics

Background and Objectives: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in which the main route of transmission is through contact with contaminated saliva, routine dental procedures represent a potential risk of contagion for professionals and patients. To reduce the occurrence of cross-infection, ways of controlling oral microbial load are necessary, such as the use of preoperative mouthwashes. Thus, the aim of this literature review was to assess the potential efficacy of different intra-oral antiseptics in SARS-CoV-2 infection control in dental clinics. Content: This is a literature review, carried out in the LILACS, Cochrane Library, CAPES and MEDLINE databases, using the search terms “mouth rinse”, “dental care”, “COVID-19”, “cetylpiridinium chloride”, “povidone-iodine”, “chlorhexidine”, and “hydrogen peroxide”. Among the 46 potentially relevant articles, fourteen articles were selected, with full texts published in the last 5 years. These were analyzed and categorized according to the type of study (literature review, in vitro and in vivo studies). The antiseptics highlighted as most relevant in terms of antiviral efficacy were povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Little evidence has been found regarding the effectiveness of oral antiseptics against SARS-CoV-2. It is worth mentioning that some studies conducted with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine show promising results in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, conducting randomized clinical studies is extremely important to determine the effectiveness of these compounds in controlling COVID-19 in dental practice

L'influence de l'évolution du gouvernment d'enterprise sur les dirigeants des sociétés : essai de droit comparé (France et Angleterre)

The essence of running an enterprise which is defined as a system by which the companies are lead and compared is generally set in priority terms. For some, they favour in the first instance to secure the economic efficiency then to scope with the social problems at a later stage---'Shareholder model'. Others are inclined to consider that the priority lies into an environmental, sharing and caring society etc.---'Stakeholder model'.Where the evolution of the corporate governance is going to lead to? And how does it affect the directors' responsibility?After a thorough study of its European evolution in particular in France and England, we figure out that raising the black flag of the stakeholder theory will end up into an ideology completely false dislodging the concept of the natural reality around us. On the other side, claiming the predominance of the sole shareholder system will become a dangerous apprehension opposing the objective of this theory: In our perspective we see that the ultimate global wealth of the enterprise in the long run is closely linked to the consideration and the deep satisfaction of the needs and the interests of the different parties joining the enterprise

Neural Correlates of Auditory Pattern Learning in the Auditory Cortex.

Learning of new auditory stimuli often requires repetitive exposure to the stimulus. Fast and implicit learning of sounds presented at random times enables efficient auditory perception. However, it is unclear how such sensory encoding is processed on a neural level. We investigated neural responses that are developed from a passive, repetitive exposure to a specific sound in the auditory cortex of anesthetized rats, using electrocorticography. We presented a series of random sequences that are generated afresh each time, except for a specific reference sequence that remains constant and re-appears at random times across trials. We compared induced activity amplitudes between reference and fresh sequences. Neural responses from both primary and non-primary auditory cortical regions showed significantly decreased induced activity amplitudes for reference sequences compared to fresh sequences, especially in the beta band. This is the first study showing that neural correlates of auditory pattern learning can be evoked even in anesthetized, passive listening animal models

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Enolase Is a Surface Protein That Binds Plasminogen and Mediates Interaction of Yeast Forms with Host Cells

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis , is a disseminated, systemic disorder that involves the lungs and other organs. The ability of the pathogen to interact with host components, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is essential to further colonization, invasion, and growth. Previously, enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) was characterized as a fibronectin binding protein in P. brasiliensis . Interaction of surface-bound enolase with plasminogen has been incriminated in tissue invasion for pathogenesis in several pathogens. In this paper, enolase was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant glutathione S -transferase (GST) fusion protein (recombinant P. brasiliensis enolase [r Pb Eno]). The P. brasiliensis native enolase ( Pb Eno) was detected at the fungus surface and cytoplasm by immunofluorescence with an anti-r Pb Eno antibody. Immobilized purified r Pb Eno bound plasminogen in a specific, concentration-dependent fashion. Both native enolase and r Pb Eno activated conversion of plasminogen to plasmin through tissue plasminogen activator. The association between Pb Eno and plasminogen was lysine dependent. In competition experiments, purified r Pb Eno, in its soluble form, inhibited plasminogen binding to fixed P. brasiliensis , suggesting that this interaction required surface-localized Pb Eno. Plasminogen-coated P. brasiliensis yeast cells were capable of degrading purified fibronectin, providing in vitro evidence for the generation of active plasmin on the fungus surface. Exposure of epithelial cells and phagocytes to enolase was associated with an increased expression of surface sites of adhesion. In fact, the association of P. brasiliensis with epithelial cells and phagocytes was increased in the presence of r Pb Eno. The expression of Pb Eno was upregulated in yeast cells derived from mouse-infected tissues. These data indicate that surface-associated Pb Eno may contribute to the pathogenesis of P. brasiliensis

Zootherapeutic uses of wildmeat and associated products in the semiarid region of Brazil: general aspects and challenges for conservation

Abstract Background Hunting wildlife for medicinal purposes is a widespread practice throughout Brazil; however, studies about the animals used for zootherapeutic practices have been performed almost exclusively with traders (herbalists) and end consumers, and not hunters. This makes it difficult to completely understand the market chain, trade strategies, and drivers of this practice. The present study investigated the species hunted or trapped for traditional medicinal uses by collecting data about the use and trade of the zootheurapeutic species. Methods We collected data through semi-structured questionnaires complemented by free interviews and informal conversations with hunters in five municipalities of semiarid region of the NE Brazil. We calculated the Use-Value (UV) index to determine the relative importance of each species reported by interviewees. The Multiple Linear Regression model was used to assess the influence of socioeconomic factors (age, schooling, residence zone, trade of zootherapeutic species) on species richness exploited by hunters. Results Hunters reported a significant richness of species (n = 39) intentionally or opportunistically captured for use as remedies for treatment of 92 diseases or conditions in humans or livestock. Respondents also reported trade strategies that were well-organized and quickly directed the selling of wild animals or byproducts via modern technology. We found a weak positive relationship only between species richness and hunters’ age via MLR model. Conclusions The hunting and use of wild species for medicinal purposes are culturally disseminated activities among hunters. Our results demonstrate the importance of studying hunters in order to understanding the dynamics of bushmeat exploitation and to develop more efficient strategies for wildlife use and conservation