El impacto de la ayuda oficial para el desarrollo en la salud y el acceso al agua en la era de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, leída el 22/01/2021Since the advent of the idea of development following the end of the Second World War, the international community has sought to define and agree upon an agenda of priorities. The approval of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 are recent examples of this endeavor. In both sets of goals, those related to health are of capital importance, inasmuch as a healthy life develops capabilities that allow the achievement of other goals including good education, decent work, or political participation, among others. Foreign aid is an important support for any development agenda, particularly for the poorest countries. However, the effectiveness of such aid has been questioned since its beginnings, mainly due to the lack of evidence around its impact on economic growth. Considering that aid is intended for multiple sectors not directly related to economic growth, it is meaningful to ask whether aid targeted to any particular sector has indeed been generally effective. In this regard, the health sector is especially relevant as it forms a crucial aspect of the development purpose, and vast amounts of aid have been disbursed throughout past decades, intended to reduce morbidity and mortality and to promote healthy habits across the developing world...Desde el nacimiento de la idea de desarrollo tras las Segunda Guerra Mundial, la comunidad internacional ha intentado definir una agenda compartida de prioridades. La aprobación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) en 2000 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en 2015 son los ejemplos más recientes de este empeño. En ambos conjuntos de objetivos, los relacionados con la salud son de capital importancia, dado que una vida saludable conlleva el desarrollo de capacidades que permiten alcanzar otros objetivos como una buena educación, un trabajo digno, o la participación política, entre otros. La ayuda extranjera es un apoyo importante para cualquier agenda de desarrollo, particularmente en los países más pobres. Sin embargo, la eficacia de esta ayuda ha sido cuestionada desde sus orígenes, fundamentalmente debido a la falta de evidencia sobre su impacto en el crecimiento económico. Considerando que la ayuda está destinada a múltiples sectores no directamente relacionados con el crecimiento económico, tiene sentido preguntarse si la ayuda destinada a un sector en particular ha sido generalmente efectiva. En este sentido, el sector de la salud es particularmente relevante dado que es una parte crucial de los propósitos de desarrollo y grandes cantidades de ayuda han sido desembolsadas durante las pasadas décadas, destinadas a reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad y a promover hábitos saludables en el mundo en desarrollo...Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEunpu

Herramienta de definición de comportamientos de personajes no jugadores en videojuegos educativos

Con el fin de permitir a los educadores diseñar e implementar experiencias de juego más complejos, en este proyecto se plantea extender la actual implementación de la plataforma GREP para ofrecer una solución que permita el diseño y definición de comportamientos de aquellas entidades del juego que el jugador no controla pero con las que puede interactuar a lo largo de una partida.Ingeniería Informátic

Análisis del comportamiento hidráulico y propuestas de mejora de la red de riego de San Rafael (Sector 4 Canal Jucar-Turia)

[ES] Históricamente la red de San Rafael situada en el subsector norte del Sector 4 de Picassent (Valencia), subzona margen izquierda del canal Júcar-Turia, ha presentado dificultades para llevar a cabo un correcto riego de las parcelas de cultivo asociadas a dicha red debido a los grandes desniveles que implican la utilización de bombas de impulsión con el respectivo consumo energético que esto conlleva. De esta manera, la red presenta zonas donde se superan o no se alcanzan los valores críticos de presión o velocidad considerados por los técnicos de la comunidad de regantes, disminuyendo el rendimiento del riego y provocando roturas de los elementos hidráulicos que constituyen la red. Para comprobar y analizar la situación actual de la red de San Rafael se ha realizado su modelo hidráulico con el programa Epanet 2.0 a partir de los datos proporcionados por los técnicos y los cálculos pertinentes, con el objetivo de llevar a cabo la simulación de este. En base a los resultados obtenidos se han estudiado las áreas más críticas de la red (San Rafael Norte y el este de San Rafael sur), planteado diversas propuestas de mejora a los problemas que presentan y justificando de forma completa cada una ellas mediante los datos obtenidos de sus simulaciones y las comparaciones respecto a la situación inicial de la red. Para terminar, también se ha realizado una valoración económica de cada una de las opciones planteadas, de forma que queden perfectamente descritas y se pueda emplear como criterio para la elección o el rechazo de las alternativas de mejora en cuanto al aspecto económico se refiere.[EN] Historically, the San Rafael network located in the northern subsector of Sector 4 of Picassent (Valencia), a sub-area on the left bank of the Júcar-Turia canal, has presented difficulties in carrying out right irrigation of the cultivated plots associated with the network due to the large unevenness that imply the use of pumps of impulsion with the respective energetic consumption that entails. In this way, the network presents areas where the critical values of pressure or speed considered by the irrigation community technicians are exceeded or not reached, decreasing irrigation performance and causing ruptures of the hydraulic elements that make up the network. In order to check and analyze the current situation of the San Rafael network, its hydraulic model has been carried out with the Epanet 2.0 program, based on the data provided by the technicians and the relevant calculations, in order to carry out the simulation of this. Based on the results obtained, the most critical areas of the network (San Rafael North and the east of San Rafael South) have been studied, proposing various proposals for improvement to the problems they present and fully justifying each of them through the data obtained from their simulations and comparisons regarding the initial situation of the network. Finally, an economic assessment has also been made of each of the options presented, so that they are perfectly described and can be used as a criterion for the choice or rejection of the alternatives for improvement in the economic aspect.[CAT/VA] Historically, the San Rafael network located in the northern subsector of Sector 4 of Picassent (Valencia), a sub-area on the left bank of the Júcar-Turia canal, has presented difficulties in carrying out right irrigation of the cultivated plots associated with the network due to the large unevenness that imply the use of pumps of impulsion with the respective energetic consumption that entails. In this way, the network presents areas where the critical values of pressure or speed considered by the irrigation community technicians are exceeded or not reached, decreasing irrigation performance and causing ruptures of the hydraulic elements that make up the network. In order to check and analyze the current situation of the San Rafael network, its hydraulic model has been carried out with the Epanet 2.0 program, based on the data provided by the technicians and the relevant calculations, in order to carry out the simulation of this. Based on the results obtained, the most critical areas of the network (San Rafael North and the east of San Rafael South) have been studied, proposing various proposals for improvement to the problems they present and fully justifying each of them through the data obtained from their simulations and comparisons regarding the initial situation of the network. Finally, an economic assessment has also been made of each of the options presented, so that they are perfectly described and can be used as a criterion for the choice or rejection of the alternatives for improvement in the economic aspect.Hurtado Abellán, J. (2017). Análisis del comportamiento hidráulico y propuestas de mejora de la red de riego de San Rafael (Sector 4 Canal Jucar-Turia). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/89454.TFG

Calibration and validation of ET0 through an R-CRAN code in agricultural lands of south-east Spain

Currently, water demands from urban and agricultural use are increasing, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Mediterranean. This situation is expected to become worse with the climate change projections for the region, increasing the pressure, in both quantity and quality, on fresh water resources. Evapotranspiration (ET0) is a hydrologic variable with high uncertainty and considered incorrect in water balance estimations. However, its accurate assessment is essential to obtain the real value of available water to satisfy water demands, especially in extended agricultural areas such as the south-east of Spain. ET0 can be obtained using different equations with different levels of input data requirements, among them the Penman–Monteith option is the one recommended by the FAO (PMFAO), but its input data requirements are high. On the other hand, there are simpler options, such as the Hargreaves equation (ET0,HG), but there is not such a big agreement about its accuracy in the scientific literature. The main objection to the use of PMFAO is the lack of some of the required meteorological variables in most climate stations, forcing the use of simpler alternatives. This paper presents an R-CRAN code where the ET0,HG, parameterized by Samani, is calibrated and validated with the Allen model considering 18 statistical contrasts. Both ET0,HG results (pre- and post-calibrated) are compared with daily, monthly and annual results of the PMFAO. All meteorological data was provided by the CA52 Cartagena La Aljorra weather station, managed by the Agricultural Information System of the Murcia region (SE Spain). The main results show that daily, monthly and annual ET0,HG results after the Allen calibration and validation are similar to the PMFAO. However, a moderate underestimation of ET0,HG compared to PMFAO was identified. To sum up, the presented R-CRAN code provides an alternative to apply the ET0,HG method with few meteorological input requirements and, once calibrated, can be applied to extended data networks in other regions.This work was partially supported by the project GRE17-12 of the University of Alicante. Antonio Jodar-Abellan acknowledges financial support received from the Spanish FPU scholarship for the training of university teachers. In the same way, this work has been conducted within the Cátedra del Agua of the University of Alicante (https://catedradelaguaua.org/)

Estudio de viabilidad sobre la implementación de digestores para generación de biogás mediante residuos agropecuarios en la organización indígena Casaiches Inti Churi, cantón Guaranda, provincia Bolívar, Ecuador.

[ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster será realizado sobre la memoria de prácticas de la pasantía que completaré en la Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Guaranda, Ecuador, bajo el amparo del programa Meridies de la UPV. El proyecto busca optimizar la reutilización de residuos agrícolas para la obtención de biogás y biol (o digestato) mediante fermentación anaerobia. Para ello, primero se estudiarán en laboratorio distintos tratamientos con la combinación de residuos agrícolas comunes en la zona de realización de este proyecto. Estos residuos serán caracterizados en primer lugar mediante un análisis proximal y elemental, para después estudiar la obtención de biogás y su calidad a nivel de laboratorio. De estos tratamientos estudiados en laboratorio se seleccionarán los que mejor rendimiento produzcan, para después instalarlos en campo. Para que la extrapolación de los tratamientos realizados en laboratorio sean lo más útiles posible, se buscará emular las condiciones que se encontrarán en el campo. La instalación en campo consistirá en la construcción de biodigestores en la comunidad rural andina Inti Churi, en los que se implementará los tratamientos mencionados anteriormente. El biogás obtenido en estos biodigestores será utilizado para la alimentación de cocinas, las cuales se espera que obtengan energía para ser utilizadas tres veces al día. Además, el biol o digestato que podría ser un residuo de la fermentación anaerobia que produce el biogás, se utilizará también como fertilizante agrícola para la misma comunidad[EN] This Master's thesis will be based on the internship report that I will complete at the State University of Bolivar, Guaranda, Ecuador, under the Meridies programme of the UPV. The project aims to optimise the reuse of agricultural waste to obtain biogas and biol (or digestate) through anaerobic fermentation. o do this, different treatments will first be studied in the laboratory using a combination of agricultural waste common in the area where the project is being carried out. These wastes will first be characterised by proximal and elemental analysis, and then the biogas production and its quality will be studied in the laboratory. From these treatments studied in the laboratory, those with the best performance will be selected and then installed in the field. In order to make the extrapolation of laboratory treatments as useful as possible, the objective is to emulate the conditions that will be found in the field. The field installation will consist of the construction of biodigesters in the rural Andean community of Inti Churi, in which the previously mentioned treatments will be implemented. The biogas obtained in these biodigesters will be used to fuel kitchens, which are expected to obtain energy to be used three times a day. In addition, the biol or digestate that could be a residue from the anaerobic fermentation that produces the biogas, will also be used as agricultural fertiliser for the same community.Abellán Álvaro, FJ. (2021). Estudio de viabilidad sobre la implementación de digestores para generación de biogás mediante residuos agropecuarios en la organización indígena Casaiches Inti Churi, cantón Guaranda, provincia Bolívar, Ecuador. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/182001TFG

Análisis numérico del proceso de laminación

En el presente documento se realiza un análisis numérico del comportamiento mecánico de un material sometido a un proceso de laminación plana en frío. Procesos de este tipo son cada vez más empleados, hasta el punto que una parte muy importante de la producción metálica industrial está compuesta por la producción de láminas y chapas metálicas obtenidas por laminación en frío. Este hecho es debido al bajo coste del mismo y a la gran variedad de productos fabricados a partir de estas chapas y láminas metálicas. Muy atractivos por su buena resistencia mecánica y su excelente relación resistencia - peso, son fabricados mediante este proceso desde productos de la vida cotidiana, como latas de conserva o de bebida, hasta productos más sofisticados como pueden ser la carrocería de un automóvil o el fuselaje de una aeronave. Trabajos de investigación sobre el proceso de laminación plana, han demostrado la existencia de dos patrones bien diferenciados en las distribuciones de presión en el contacto lámina – rodillo, dependiendo del grado de homogeneidad de la deformación inducida en el material (H). Para deformaciones homogéneas (H > 3) el patrón mencionado únicamente presenta un máximo, mientras que para deformaciones no homogéneas (H 3) the aforementioned pattern only presents a maximum, whereas for non homogeneous deformations (H<3) two maximums are presented. Nevertheless those previously mentioned research works have shown that, while H value is lessen, the pattern tends to change from two maximums configuration (o from a configuration of two maximums) to one. This behaviour can be justified due to the fact that when H dimished, increasingly higher residual tensions appears on the material surface. Therefore, the aim of the present document is to find H ́s value in wich the change of the pattern on non homogeneous deformations is produced. To this end a numerical finiteelement model has been developed with the comercial software Abaqus. A numerical model that allows to perform simulations of the lamination process with which we have been able to study the evolution of those residual tensions in the material for the different values of the parameter H. The material that has been chosen to be laminated has been an alloy of aluminium - manganese of widespread industrial use like is the AA 3004 H19. The manganese addition as an aluminum alloy, increase the mechanic resistance while it maintains the good resistance to corrosion and the machinability of the aluminium. For those reasons, it happens to be a suitable choice for the manufacturing of food and beverage cans. By the comparison of the robtained results with data collected from articles that have been published on scientific literature the numerical model has suffered a validation procedure, in terms of the lamination stregth and the torque generated. Finally some modifications are done to the developed model in order to analyze the influence of those changes in the obtained results.Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriale

Análisis de distintos residuos agrícolas como potenciales productos de codigestión anaerobia e implantación en biodigestores en la comunidad Inti Churi, provincia de Bolívar, Ecuador

[ES] El objetivo del proyecto es la implantación de forma efectiva de un sistema de gestión de residuos agropecuarios para dar soporte energético a las comunidades rurales más desfavorecidas de la provincia de Bolívar. Esto se ha llevado a cabo mediante la implementación de biodigestores para la producción de biogás rico en metano (CH4) a partir de residuos agrícolas y ganaderos en la organización indígena Casaiches ¿ Inti Churi, ubicada en una zona rural del cantón de Guaranda, en la sierra andina ecuatoriana, superando los 3.200 msnm. Para lograrlo, este trabajo de investigación se realizó en dos fases: fase experimental de laboratorio, en la que se ensayaron las condiciones óptimas para el proceso, y fase de aplicación en campo. De esta forma, en primer lugar, se seleccionaron los principales residuos agropecuarios generados en la organización, que fueron lactosuero, estiércol de vaca, residuos de la cosecha del maíz y paja de cebada, para después caracterizarlos con el fin de conocer su idoneidad como materia prima del proceso. Tras este paso se ensayó con diferentes combinaciones de estas materias primas para conocer cuáles poseían un mayor rendimiento energético, combinándose por un lado el estiércol y el lactosuero (residuos ganaderos), y por otro, la cebada y el maíz. (residuos agrícolas). Estas combinaciones de residuos agrícolas y ganaderos se hicieron en tres relaciones: 1/1, 3/1 y 1/3. Los tres tratamientos que mayor volumen acumulado de CH4 obtuvieron al cabo de 20 días tenían una relación de cebada y maíz de 3/1, diferenciándose cada uno de ellos por la relación de estiércol y lactosuero: 1/1, 3/1 y 1/3. Los resultados fueron de 331,78 mL, 315,1 mL y 304,81 mL, respectivamente. Estos tratamientos fueron los que finalmente se cargaron en los digestores instalados en campo, en los que se obtuvo biogás con un porcentaje de CH4 superior al 70%, al igual que en la fase experimental. Sin embargo, el proceso fue mucho más lento en campo, tardando casi diez veces más en llegar a porcentajes de CH4 similares a los obtenidos en la fase experimental, lo que permite afirmar que las condiciones del proceso, y en especial la temperatura, condicionan enormemente su desarrollo. Una vez obtenidos los resultados, se puede concluir que la obtención de energía térmica (en forma de biogás) a partir de residuos agropecuarios sometidos a un proceso de codigestión anaerobia por encima de los 3.200 msnm es totalmente factible y queda probado gracias a este proyecto. Esto resulta realmente interesante en comunidades y poblados alejados de las ciudades donde el suministro de gas es limitado, ya que es una forma de obtención de energía de bajo costo y complejidad, que además ayuda en la gestión de residuos in situ.[EN] The objective of the project is the effective implementation of an agricultural waste management system to provide energy support to the most vulnerable rural communities in the province of Bolivar. This has been carried out through the implementation of biodigesters for the production of biogas rich in methane (CH4) from agricultural and livestock waste in the indigenous organization Casaiches - Inti Churi, located in a rural area of the canton of Guaranda, in the Ecuadorian Andean highlands, above 3,200 meters above sea level. To achieve it, this research project was carried out in two phases: an experimental laboratory phase, in which the optimal conditions for the process were tested, and a field application phase. In this way, firstly, the main agricultural waste generated in the organization was selected, which were whey, cow dung, maize harvest residues and barley straw, and then characterized in order to determine their suitability as raw material for the process. After this step, different combinations of these raw materials were tested to find out which had a higher energy yield, combining manure and whey (livestock waste) on the one hand, and barley and maize (agricultural waste) on the other. These combinations of agricultural and livestock waste were made in three ratios: 1/1, 3/1 and 1/3. The three treatments that obtained the highest accumulated CH4 volume after 20 days had a ratio of barley and maize of 3/1, each of them differing in the ratio of manure and whey: 1/1, 3/1 and 1/3. The results were 331.78 mL, 315.1 mL and 304.81 mL, respectively. These treatments were the ones that were finally loaded into the digesters installed in the field, in which biogas was obtained with a percentage of CH4 higher than 70%, as in the experimental phase. However, the process was much slower in the field, taking almost ten times longer than in lab to reach similar CH4 percentages, which allows to affirm that the conditions of the process, and especially the temperature, greatly determine its development. Once the results have been obtained, it can be concluded that obtaining thermal energy (in the form of biogas) from agricultural waste subjected to an anaerobic co-digestion process above 3,200 meters above sea level is totally feasible and has been proven thanks to this project. This is really interesting in communities and villages far from cities where gas supply is limited, as it is a low-cost and non-complex way of obtaining energy, which also helps in on-site waste management.Abellán Álvaro, FJ. (2021). Análisis de distintos residuos agrícolas como potenciales productos de codigestión anaerobia e implantación en biodigestores en la comunidad Inti Churi, provincia de Bolívar, Ecuador. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/179100TFG

“Isla de información”: experiencia de cartografía ciudadana. Iniciativa para la Huerta de Murcia

“Isla de Información” fue una experiencia que tuvo lugar en abril de 2013 mediante la cual un grupo de ciudadanos, expertos y ayudantes en cartografía (arquitectos) peinaron una porción del territorio huertano a la búsqueda de indicios y de situaciones relevantes desde el punto de vista de la productividad o abandono, el patrimonio hidráulico, el patrimonio inmaterial, las redes familiares, ambientes naturales, conflictos de la accesibilidad, etc. Durante la excursión a pie de una mañana de duración, los asistentes pasearon, aprendieron, fotografiaron, debatieron y dibujaron el entorno huertano y sus particularidades. El objetivo era crear un denso mapa de virtudes, conflictos y oportunidades de un pequeño sector de la Huerta de Murcia entorno a un antiguo meandro del rio Segura. Si la acción significó el descubrimiento de un formato de taller adecuado para que todas las edades, incluso niños, pudieran participar con sus familias para disfrutar y compartir el medio huertano y subir los datos a internet, esta comunicación reflexiona, además, acerca de si la experiencia puede entenderse como un ensayo de empoderamiento de la ciudadanía a la hora de construir la representación pública de su paisaje y ciudad

Using extreme prior probabilities on the Naive Credal Classifier

The Naive Credal Classifier (NCC) was the first method proposed for Imprecise Classification. It starts from the known Naive Bayes algorithm (NB), which assumes that the attributes are independent given the class variable. Despite this unrealistic assumption, NB and NCC have been successfully used in practical applications. In this work, we propose a new version of NCC, called Extreme Prior Naive Credal Classifier (EP-NCC). Unlike NCC, EP-NCC takes into consideration the lower and upper prior probabilities of the class variable in the estimation of the lower and upper conditional probabilities. We demonstrate that, with our proposed EP-NCC, the predictions are more informative than with NCC without increasing the risk of making erroneous predictions. An experimental analysis carried out in this work shows that EP-NCC significantly outperforms NCC and obtains statistically equivalent results to the algorithm proposed so far for Imprecise Classification based on decision trees, even though EP-NCC is computationally simpler. Therefore, EP-NCC is more suitable to be applied to large datasets for Imprecise Classification than the methods proposed so far in this field. This is an important issue in favor of our proposal due to the increasing amount of data in every area.This work has been supported by UGR-FEDER funds under Project A-TIC-344-UGR20, by the “FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades ” under Project P20_00159, and by research scholarship FPU17/02685

Extraction of decision rules via imprecise probabilities

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of General Systems on 2017, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03081079.2017.1312359"Data analysis techniques can be applied to discover important relations among features. This is the main objective of the Information Root Node Variation (IRNV) technique, a new method to extract knowledge from data via decision trees. The decision trees used by the original method were built using classic split criteria. The performance of new split criteria based on imprecise probabilities and uncertainty measures, called credal split criteria, differs significantly from the performance obtained using the classic criteria. This paper extends the IRNV method using two credal split criteria: one based on a mathematical parametric model, and other one based on a non-parametric model. The performance of the method is analyzed using a case study of traffic accident data to identify patterns related to the severity of an accident. We found that a larger number of rules is generated, significantly supplementing the information obtained using the classic split criteria.This work has been supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" [Project number TEC2015-69496-R] and FEDER funds.Abellán, J.; López-Maldonado, G.; Garach, L.; Castellano, JG. (2017). Extraction of decision rules via imprecise probabilities. International Journal of General Systems. 46(4):313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2017.1312359S313331464Abellan, J., & Bosse, E. (2018). Drawbacks of Uncertainty Measures Based on the Pignistic Transformation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 48(3), 382-388. doi:10.1109/tsmc.2016.2597267Abellán, J., & Klir, G. J. (2005). Additivity of uncertainty measures on credal sets. International Journal of General Systems, 34(6), 691-713. doi:10.1080/03081070500396915Abellán, J., & Masegosa, A. R. (2010). An ensemble method using credal decision trees. European Journal of Operational Research, 205(1), 218-226. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2009.12.003(2003). International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 18(12). doi:10.1002/int.v18:12Abellán, J., Klir, G. J., & Moral, S. (2006). Disaggregated total uncertainty measure for credal sets. International Journal of General Systems, 35(1), 29-44. doi:10.1080/03081070500473490Abellán, J., Baker, R. M., & Coolen, F. P. A. (2011). Maximising entropy on the nonparametric predictive inference model for multinomial data. European Journal of Operational Research, 212(1), 112-122. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2011.01.020Abellán, J., López, G., & de Oña, J. (2013). Analysis of traffic accident severity using Decision Rules via Decision Trees. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(15), 6047-6054. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.027Abellán, J., Baker, R. M., Coolen, F. P. A., Crossman, R. J., & Masegosa, A. R. (2014). Classification with decision trees from a nonparametric predictive inference perspective. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 71, 789-802. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2013.02.009Alkhalid, A., Amin, T., Chikalov, I., Hussain, S., Moshkov, M., & Zielosko, B. (2013). Optimization and analysis of decision trees and rules: dynamic programming approach. International Journal of General Systems, 42(6), 614-634. doi:10.1080/03081079.2013.798902Chang, L.-Y., & Chien, J.-T. (2013). Analysis of driver injury severity in truck-involved accidents using a non-parametric classification tree model. Safety Science, 51(1), 17-22. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.06.017Chang, L.-Y., & Wang, H.-W. (2006). Analysis of traffic injury severity: An application of non-parametric classification tree techniques. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38(5), 1019-1027. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.04.009DE CAMPOS, L. M., HUETE, J. F., & MORAL, S. (1994). 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