Self-folding from 2D to 3D

Self-folding refers to the mechanisms through which a structure can sense the variations in its surroundings and demonstrate bending behavior to undergo autonomous shape transformation. The potential to reconfigure engineered systems (across length scales) in a tether-less and on-demand manner has made self-folding a topic of substantial technological importance. For my research, I fabricate planar bilayer sheets of varying geometric parameters and then investigate their shape transformation behavior in organic solvents. The self-folding process from planar to curved configurations is driven by the differential behavior of the bilayers where one constituent layer swells more than the other as the solvent concentration increases. In this picture, bilayer polymeric samples (individual layers were pigmented white and purple for visualization) were swelled and then imaged separately from the top to make up the words "UIUC" and "MECHSE" ("MECHSE" is the abbreviated form of my department - Mechanical Science and Engineering). These images demonstrate the possibilities for programmable and on-demand realization of complex three-dimensional architectures from rationally designed two-dimensional bilayer systems. Thus, my research findings could be used to design shape reconfigurable functional devices for sensing, actuation, drug delivery, and energy harvesting.Ope

Self-folding bilayers: Mechanistic design principles for programmable and on-demand shape reconfiguration

Despite lacking muscle cells, plants demonstrate shape-transforming movements in response to environmental conditions for accomplishing tasks such as growth, defense, nutrition, and reproduction. Motivated by the fascinating behavior of plants, this dissertation investigates the programmable, on-demand, and autonomous reconfiguration of stimuli-responsive bilayer systems (one layer expanding more than the other in response to the stimulus) into complex three-dimensional architectures. The mechanistic design principles responsible for bilayer morphing have been established and validated through a combination of nonlinear finite element modeling and experiments with cross-linked polymeric systems. Several classes of structures such as hemispherical domes, convex regular polygons, star-shaped planar bilayers and geometries with spatial cuts have been considered and the relationships between their initial shapes, applied stimuli, and final configurations have been proposed. The hemispherical domes demonstrated the snap-through behavior at critical mismatch strains and thus mimicked the fast leaf closure of Venus flytrap. Understanding the snap-through behavior of engineered materials opens up the possibilities to realize fast actuation with systems that are inherently soft. The convex regular polygons demonstrated a bifurcation type of structural instability where they transitioned from doubly curved axisymmetric shapes to singly curved asymmetric ones at critical strains. Bifurcation occurs solely due to nonlinear geometric effects and hence the results of this research contribute toward a rational understanding of bilayer self-folding behavior. The hinge-less bilayer stars morphed into axisymmetric gripper-like configurations at high mismatch strains. Self-folded grippers that are widely used in micro/ nano-manipulation have previously been fabricated from patterned multi-layer architectures with spatially separated hinges. As this work proposes an unpatterned, hinge-less, and simple bilayer design to realize the grippers, the findings would not only simplify the current fabrication procedures but also enable novel functionalities. Finally, the introduction of cuts within the bilayer geometry provided novel design frameworks to generate biaxially curved complex architectures. The computational models developed in this research are independent of length scales and material properties. Hence, the proposed mechanistic guidelines would be applicable to a variety of material systems and external stimuli to engineer sensors, actuators, artificial muscles, energy harvesting devices, deployable structures, flexible electronics, reconfigurable biomedical, and chemo-mechanical devices across length scales

Perancangan Komunikasi Visual PT. Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines Berbasis Budaya Guna Meningkatkan Brand Awareness

PT. Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines is a shipping company established since 46 years ago. Since the company established, has no visual communication media to support the promotion or introduce the company to the public. One of the promotional activities to introduce the company to the public during this time is a promotional event by participating in the Job Fair event. Thus the need for visual communication media through a media campaign. The objectives of this study is to design the visual communication media PT. Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines based culture to increase brand awareness. The method used is a qualitative method is to conduct interviews, observation. documentation. and literature to get the data used to support the manufacture of visual communication design concepts. From the analysis of data on visual communication design is found keyword "Progressive". As well as on its design presses using the concept of culture that refers towards more advanced

Penggandaan Skala Produksi Bioetanol dari Tongkol Jagung

The effort to search for alternative energy materials that do not compete with food and feed is necessary and urgent. Lignocellulosic biomass is one potential source of renewable energy. Scalinge up methodproduction of bioenergy production from laboratory scale to industrial scale needs to be studied and developed. The aim of this study is to find get scalinge up method o0f the bioethanol production from corn cobs. An Eexperiments on scalinge up of bioethanol production from laboratory scale to industrial scale was is done by the Pg / V constant method (stirring power per volume). Scale up calculations based on data from fermented liquid rheological characteristics and specifications fermenters are used. The results showed that the calculation of basic scale up bioethanol production capacity bioreactor of 200 l, obtained working volume of 65% or 130 l, high of liquid fermentation 0.840 m, diameter tank bioreactor 0.441 m, diameter of a stirrer of turbine type of flat 0.187 m and the speed of agitation at 66.34 rpm. Based on the calculation of basic scale up bioethanol production capacity bioreactor of 10,000 l, obtained working volume of 65% amounting to 6,500 l, high of liquid fermentation 2.87 m, diameter tank bioreactor 1.49 m, diameter of a stirrer of turbine type of flat 0.63 m and the speed of agitation at 29.52 rpm

THE RISKS OF AREN SUGAR PROCESSING BUSINESS IN KOLAKA DISTRICT SOUTH EAST SULAWESI

AbstractBusiness of aren sugar processing intends to providing alternative sweetener source to fulfill sugar demand for community. Nonetheless, every business has a risk particularly agricultural product in general, including aren sugar processing business in which the raw resources were obtained from aren.The purpose of this research was to analyze the type and stage of risk related to aren sugar processing business in Kolaka District. Simple random sampling method was used to decide sample on this research. Quantitative descriptive analysis and coefficient of variance was used to analyze types and stages of risk in aren sugar processing business. The result of the research showed that there are six type risks on the extraction process, five type risks on aren cooking process, and one type risk on marketing. Risk types which have quantification value is analyzed for its risk stages, including raw material risk, production risk and price risk. Raw material risk had the highest stage of risk among other risks. Authority for endorsing continuity and development of aren sugar processing business was a based-risk development strategy, especially for raw material risk, as well as mentoring of production risk and marketing management.Keywords. risk, profit, aren sugar processing busines

Kaempferol Regresses Carcinogenesis through a Molecular Cross Talk Involved in Proliferation, Apoptosis and Inflammation on Human Cervical Cancer Cells, HeLa

Kaempferol, a flavonoid, contains a plethora of therapeutic properties and has demonstrated its efficacy against cancer. This study aims to unravel the molecular targets that are being modulated by kaempferol on HeLa cells. Various assays were performed, namely: MTT assay, flow cytometry to analyze DNA content and quantitate apoptosis. Quantitative PCR and protein profiling were performed to evaluate the modulated manifestation of different genes involved in apoptosis, cell growth and inflammation. Kaempferol exhibited reduction in cell viability of HeLa cells (IC50 = 50 µM 48 h), whereas it did not show any significant effect on viability of the AC-16 cell line. Kaempferol-impacted apoptosis was definitive, as it induced DNA fragmentation, caused disruption of membrane potential, accumulation of cells in the G2-M phase and augmented early apoptosis. Consistently, kaempferol induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by modulating the expression of various genes at both transcript and protein levels. It upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including APAF1, BAX, BAD, Caspases 3, and 9, etc., at the transcript level and Bad, Bax, p27, p53, p21, Caspases 3 and 8 etc. at the protein level, while it downregulated the expression of pro-survival gene BCL-2, BIRC8, MCL-1, XIAP, and NAIP at the transcript level and Bcl-2, XIAP, Livin, clap-2 at the protein level. Kaempferol attenuated oxidative stress by upregulating GSH activity and anti-inflammatory response by suppressing NF-kB pathways. Moreover, kaempferol averted rampant cell division and induced apoptosis by modulating AKT/MTOR and MAP kinase pathways. Hence, kaempferol can be considered as a natural therapeutic agent with a differential profile