Mediterranean lichens in the tropics : lichens of the mist oasis of Erkwit, Sudan

From the mist oasis of Erkwit (Red Sea coastal plain of Sudan) 25 epiphytic lichen taxa are reported, probably the first lichen floristic report for the country. Most species encountered are widespread in warm and dry areas worldwide, while a few have their center in the Mediterranean region and document a Mediterranean element in this tropical region

A Redesigned Benders Decomposition Approach for Large-Scale In-Transit Freight Consolidation Operations

The growth in online shopping and third party logistics has caused a revival of interest in finding optimal solutions to the large scale in-transit freight consolidation problem. Given the shipment date, size, origin, destination, and due dates of multiple shipments distributed over space and time, the problem requires determining when to consolidate some of these shipments into one shipment at an intermediate consolidation point so as to minimize shipping costs while satisfying the due date constraints. In this paper, we develop a mixed-integer programming formulation for a multi-period freight consolidation problem that involves multiple products, suppliers, and potential consolidation points. Benders decomposition is then used to replace a large number of integer freight-consolidation variables by a small number of continuous variables that reduces the size of the problem without impacting optimality. Our results show that Benders decomposition provides a significant scale-up in the performance of the solver. We demonstrate our approach using a large-scale case with more than 27.5 million variables and 9.2 million constraints

Brushless DC Motor Modeling Using Bond Graph Method and Control using LabVIEW

This paper aims to simulate and control a three-phase Brushless DC Motor. Bond Graph method has been used to obtain fast and simple dynamic model. The system has been controlled by classical PID controller. All the paper results were fulfilled using LabVIEW program

Reviewing the Use of Geographic Information System (GIS) to Measure Sustainable Urban Transport Performance

The purpose of this paper is to show how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) used to measure the performance of Urban Transport Sustainability. The first, this paper discusses about understanding about transport performance and how to measure it. The second, explore about sustainability in urban transport. The third, defines GIS and its possible uses in the sustainable urban transport performance. The relevant GIS functions have also been explained. The GIS models are explored to assist urban transport planner to measure sustainability in urban transport

Nonperturbative dynamics of reheating after inflation: A review

Our understanding of the state of the universe between the end of inflation and big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) is incomplete. The dynamics at the end of inflation are rich and a potential source of observational signatures. Reheating, the energy transfer between the inflaton and Standard Model fields (possibly through intermediaries) and their subsequent thermalization, can provide clues to how inflation fits in with known high-energy physics. We provide an overview of our current understanding of the nonperturbative, nonlinear dynamics at the end of inflation, some salient features of realistic particle physics models of reheating, and how the universe reaches a thermal state before BBN. In addition, we review the analytical and numerical tools available in the literature to study preheating and reheating and discuss potential observational signatures from this fascinating era.Kavli Institute for Cosmology, CambridgeUnited States. Dept. of Energy (Contract Number DE-SC00012567)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Theoretical Physic