Investigation of techniques for combating malicious objects in unreliable wireless sensor networks

Unreliable net\vorks can take many different forms such as in the general case an ad hoc network or more specifical1y as a wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Some of the fields you can [md these types of networks used in would be the telecommunications industry with mobile phones, biological research for monitoring animals in the wild and military applications to monitor soldiers. Networks in these areas are handling an increasing amount of data. This data is very valuable and therefore a source of concern in making sure that none of it is lost or damaged. From a security standpoint there are many ways that an attack on these types of networks can be implemented. Some attacks are rather difficult to execute and would require knowledge of the particular network that is being attacked to be effective. One of the most effective attack methods would be for the attacker to inject its own data into the network either with the simplest goal of consuming network resources or having some other purpose such as capturing or corrupting the data stored in the network. Thinking in terms of biological systems the data that these attackers inject into the network is similar to a virus entering a human body. In the medical field medicine can be used to help cure a person by targeting this virus, in much the same way this chapter considers introducing a special type of anti-virus to the network to remove this data inserted by an attacker. This chapter considers leveraging the properties of unreliable network combined with a recommended approach employing an anti-virus to remove the virus from the network effectivel

Prospects and problems of cognitive radio network architectures in wireless sensor networks

Cognitive radio is a technique proposed by Mitola which provides a way to efficiently use precious radio spectrum resources [1, 2]. A cognitive radio recognizes, analyzes, and learns the situations of the radio spectrum and then employs various strategies to maximize spectrum usage. The concept of cognitive radio is to detect and ascertain \vhich aspect of the spectrum is presently unused, and then perform data transmission at the newly discovered frequency band. An alternative cognitive radio scheme is to transmit signals on top of existing transmissions as long as the interference temperature measure is lower than threshold. Spectrum sharing, spectrum sensing, and spectrum management are the stages of a cognitive radio. Spectrum sensing gathers up-to-date spectrum usage data, spectrum management determines the optimal spectrum access timing and scheme, and spectrum sharing ensures that users are served in a fair and timely mann

Piece-wise linear analog to digital (PLADC) converter process

Transducers are devices that transform energy from one form to another. Such transformation process may be applicable in the measurement of physical quantities, transfer of information and also in performing a certain control action. Transducers used as measuring devices are generally termed as sensors. Such transducers detect the changes in characteristics of a physical quantity and convert the change into a corresponding electrical signal. This is a common phenomenon when transducers are used to detect temperature, speed, force, liquid level or viscosity. On the other hand transducers, used to carry out control actions, are termed as actuators. These transducers usually convert an electrical signal into some form of physical control action such as heating or movement and are carried by the control devices. Various types of transducers exist meant for sensing and controlling different physical quantities. For example, a light dependent resistor (LOR) or a photodiode can be used to sense light intensity of an environment while lamps and LED displays can be used to control it. Likewise, a thermistor can be used to measure the temperature of an environment while a heater/fan can be used to control it and a tachometer can be used to measure the speed of a device while a stepper motor can be used to control it [1-3]. The focus of this chapter is on the problems and issues related to the interfacing of transducers when used as measuring devices or sensors in smart applications. Smart applications are also termed as tuned control for detecting changes in the parameter of interest which used to be ignorable in the traditional measurement and control system

Handbook On Improved Agronomic Practices Of Groundnut Production In North East Nigeria

This handbook is intended to guide farmers, extension personnel, students of agriculture and researchers in Nigeria to use improved varieties and associated production practices to increase productivity. The guide draws its lessons from the work and experiences of ICRISAT and its partners in Research for Development on crop-based systems in Nigeria. The publication of this handbook is a demonstration of effective collaboration between ICRISAT, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria, National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), numerous farmers’ groups and Innovation Platform (IPs). The authors are grateful to the Management of these Institutes and organizations and gratefully acknowledge the work of other researchers that have helped immensely in compiling this manual

Hand Book on Improved Pearl Millet Production Practices in North Eastern Nigeria

This handbook is intended to guide farmers, extension personnel, students of agriculture and researchers in Nigeria to use improved varieties and complementary production practices to increase pearl millet productivity. The guide draws its lessons from the work and experience of ICRISAT and partners in Research for Development on crop-based systems in Nigeria. The publication of this handbook is a demonstration of effective collaboration between ICRISAT, Lake Chad Research Institute, (LCRI) Maiduguri, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), several farmer organizations and the demand by Innovation Platform members (IPs) members. ICRISAT and the authors are grateful to the management of these Institutes. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of other researchers whose work have helped immensely in compiling this manual

Handbook on Improved Agronomic Practices for Sorghum Production in North East Nigeria

This handbook is intended to guide farmers, extension personnel, students of agriculture and researchers in Nigeria to use improved varieties and associated production practices to increase productivity. The guide draws its lessons from the work and experiences of ICRISAT and its partners in Research for Development on crop-based systems in Nigeria. The publication of this handbook is a demonstration of effective collaboration between ICRISAT, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria, National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), numerous farmers’ groups and Innovation Platform (IPs). The authors are grateful to the Management of these Institutes and organizations and gratefully acknowledge the work of other researchers that have helped immensely in compiling this manual

Contributions of some non-timber forest products to household income of rural dwellers in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria

The communities surrounding the forest reserve get their daily income from the sales of some of the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as a means of survival for them and their house hold without proper documentation. The study described the socio-economic characteristics of the rural dwellers in the study area and determined the income made from some of these NTFPs. Data was generated through the use of structured questionnaires administered to 120 randomly selected rural household heads. Data obtained were described using frequency counts, percentages and mean scores; the relationship between dependent variables and independent variables of the study was tested using binomial test and logistic regression. Finding reveal that, non-timber forest products gathering in Onigambari was male dominated (72.3%), 78.1% were married and 38.1% had formal education. Contribution of income from non-timberforest products to total income of respondents in the State was 59.46%. It was concluded that the non-timber forest products  contribute significantly to rural household income at Onigambari forest Reserve Area of Oyo State, Nigeri