Analysis decorating design on Perahu Buatan Barat, the Malay traditional boat by using frieze pattern

Boat building tradition is one of the skills mastered by Malay craftsmen. Decoration on the Perahu Buatan Barat, the Malay traditional boat is one of the uniqueness of the production of traditional boats in East Coast of Malaysia. The tradition of Malay boat building, each plank was given specific names based on the line of planks. There is one line called ‘papan tarik’ or ‘papan cantik’ was usually decorated with paintings by a variety of motifs and patterns from the bow to the stern of the boat. The motifs usually taken from the surrounding environment as well as flora and fauna will be painted with motifs repeated but with differing formations. The aim of this study is to identify the motifs and analyze the formation of motifs by using mathematical methods of frieze pattern

Rehal tradisional di pantai timur Semenanjung Malaysia: analisis bahan, teknik dan ukuran

Ajaran Islam dan kitab al-Quran sememangnya tidak dapat dipisahkan. Bahkan, ke mana sahaja Islam diajarkan wajiblah al-Quran turut dibawa bersama. Kecintaan terhadap kitab suci ini telah membawa kemajuan kepada beberapa cabang kesenian yang berkaitannya seperti seni tulisan khat, seni hiasan manuskrip dan seni penjilidan. Tidak ketinggalan, kesenian rehal yang dicipta khas untuk meletakkan al-Quran bagi tujuan bacaan, turut berkembang seiring dengan tersebarnya al-Quran ke seluruh pelosok dunia. Tersebarnya rekaan rehal telah mempelbagaikan reka bentuk dan cara menghiasnya, yang secara tidak langsung mencerminkan identiti seni dan budaya masyarakat yang menghasilkannya. Kajian ini cuba mengenal pasti ciri-ciri khas rehal tradisional di pantai timur semenanjung Malaysia. Fokus perbincangan ialah pada aspek reka bentuk, khususnya tentang bahan, teknik dan ukuran. Sampel kajian diperoleh daripada koleksi muzium, pengukir, selain beberapa surau dan masjid tempatan

Rehal tradisional di pantai timur Semenanjunag Malaysia: analisis bahan, teknik dan ukuran

Ajaran Islam dan kitab al-Quran sememangnya tidak dapat dipisahkan. Bahkan, ke mana sahaja Islam diajarkan wajiblah al-Quran turut dibawa bersama. Kecintaan terhadap kitab suci ini telah membawa kemajuan kepada beberapa cabang kesenian yang berkaitannya seperti seni tulisan khat, seni hiasan manuskrip dan seni penjilidan. Tidak ketinggalan, kesenian rehal yang dicipta khas untuk meletakkan al-Quran bagi tujuan bacaan, turut berkembang seiring dengan tersebarnya al-Quran ke seluruh pelosok dunia. Tersebarnya rekaan rehal telah mempelbagaikan reka bentuk dan cara menghiasnya, yang secara tidak langsung mencerminkan identiti seni dan budaya masyarakat yang menghasilkannya. Kajian ini cuba mengenal pasti ciri-ciri khas rehal tradisional di pantai timur semenanjung Malaysia. Fokus perbincangan ialah pada aspek reka bentuk, khususnya tentang bahan, teknik dan ukuran. Sampel kajian diperoleh daripada koleksi muzium, pengukir, selain beberapa surau dan masjid tempatan

Community and government involvement in preserving the buatan barat boat in Southern Thailand

The traditional Malay boat is one of the Malay art objects that have now been gradually forgotten by the Malay community in the East Coast. Preservation of traditional boats is important to keep this cultural heritage from being vanished and constantly forgotten. The preservation of Buatan Barat boats made by the Malay community in Southern Thailand is one way to maintain the Malay cultural heritage. Even though there is no specific planning in preserving this heritage, the arising awareness in the community shows the existence of one main purpose, which is to preserve the Buatan Barat boat in Southern Thailand

Analisis simetri rekaan corak kelarai anyaman tikar di alam Melayu

Kertas ini mengetengahkan analisis simetri dalam rekaan corak kelarai pada anyaman tikar di alam Melayu. Kelarai merupakan satu daripada motif hiasan tempatan yang menggunakan konsep geometri. Rekaan ini sangat unik daripada segi penggunaan warna dan susunan. Kelarai digunakan sebagai hiasan anyaman bakul, tikar, tudung saji dan dinding rumah tradisional. Objek anyaman yang asas dianggap sebagai kosong tanpa kelarai. Rekaan corak kelarai pada anyaman tikar memerlukan kreativiti dan kemahiran matematik penganyam bagi memastikan rekaan yang konsisten. Oleh itu analisis simetri digunakan sebagai kaedah bagi melihat peranan simetri dalam membentuk rekaan corak kelarai. Terdapat sepuluh rekaan kelarai yang dipilih dan digunakan dalam analisis ini. Corak kelarai dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan simetri iaitu, 45°, 90°, 180° dan 360°

Ancient maritime symbols in Malay traditional boat in the East Coast, Peninsular Malaysia

The study on decorative arts in Malay culture has been widely discussed by domestic and foreign researchers. However, dedicated discussions on decorative arts on traditional Malay boats are still lacking. This article will discuss the discovery of ancient symbols, which was once used in Malay traditional boat arts, especially in the East Coast, Peninsular Malaysia. The objective of this study is to draw a similarity in the understanding of maritime society around the world about the use of ancient symbols on their boats. This study used a visual analysis approach based on the findings of images resembling ancient symbols that were found in boat decorations around the world. These symbols will be described by their meaning and relevance through the use of the iconographic method. The results of this study reveal the understanding and beliefs of maritime communities around the world that are almost identical in terms of their ancient symbols. One of the artistic uniqueness produced by the Malay community is the creation of ancient symbol in a distinctive way and it is also an iconic feature that is connected to the Malay sailor community in the East Coast

Simbol maritim kuno pada hiasan perahu tradisional Melayu di Pantai Timur, Semenanjung Malaysia

Kajian terhadap seni hias dalam kebudayaan Melayu banyak dibincangkan oleh pengkaji-pengkaji dalam dan luar negara. Namun begitu perbincangan khusus kepada seni hias pada perahu tradisional Melayu masih lagi kurang dan banyak perkara boleh dibincangkan lagi. Artikel ini akan menyentuh mengenai jumpaan simbol-simbol kuno yang digunakan dalam seni hias perahu tradisional Melayu terutama di Pantai Timur, Semenanjung Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk melihat persamaan pemahaman masyarakat maritim di seluruh dunia mengenai penggunaan simbol kuno yang digunakan pada perahu mereka. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisa visual berdasarkan jumpaan imej-imej yang menyerupai simbol kuno yang terdapat pada hiasan perahu di seluruh dunia. Simbol-simbol ini akan diperihalkan maksud dan perkaitannya dengan menggunakan kaedah ikonografi. Hasil daripada kajian ini mendapati kefahaman dan kepercayaan masyarakat maritim di seluruh dunia hampir sama pada simbol kuno tersebut dan salah satu keunikan dihasilkan oleh masyarakat Melayu adalah pada penghasilan simbol kuno ini dengan cara yang tersendiri dan ia juga menjadi ikonik kepada masyarakat pelaut Melayu di Pantai Timur

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]).InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p