Preliminary Study: Treatment of Food Industrial Wastewater using Two-Phase Anaerobic Treatments

Abstract: Food processing industrial wastewater is well known for its high concentration of COD, BOD and suspended solid. The condition of the wastewater formed makes it illegal for the industry to release the wastewater to the open body of water without essential treatment. The study is conducted on food manufacturing company which specializes in chips export business. The quality of the wastewater produced from the manufacturing is not appropriate to be discharged directly. Thus, a two phase treatment system involving UASB and HUASB reactors as primary treatment and followed by AF reactor as secondary treatment is proposed. Basically, this research will focus on the performance of UASB-AF and HUASB-AF treatment systems and the affect of adding palm oil shell into the HUASB and AF respectively as support media. Parameters measured are pH, COD, NH3-N, oil and grease and total phosphorus. The instruments used for collecting data in this research are pH meter and HACH DR5000. In this research, the highest COD removal for the effluents from the U1 and U2 were at the 14th day with 93.6% removal and at the 62th day with 96.6% each. Meanwhile, in the R2 treatment system, the highest COD removal for the effluents from the H1 and H2 were at the 14th day with 98.3% removal and at 110th day with 97.6% removal. It is hoped that this study will generate useful findings that could be applied to alleviate the current problem at the food factory and also at other food industry in the future

Micro-peat as a potential low-cost adsorbent material for COD and NH3-N removal

Micro-peat (M-P) was demonstrated in the present study as a potential low cost natural adsorbent for the removal of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) from landfill leachate. A series of batch experiments were carried out under fixed conditions and the influence of mixture ratio was investigated. The characteristics of leachate were then determined. Results indicated that leachate is non-biodegradable with high concentration of COD (2739.06 mg/L), NH3-N (1765.34 mg/L) and BOD5/COD ratio (0.09). The optimum ratio for activated carbon (AC) and M-P in the removal of COD and NH3-N obtained were at 2.5:1.5 (87%) and 1.0:3.0 (65%) respectively. The low-cost natural adsorbent used in the present investigation is an attractive alternative to the conventional adsorbent (AC). Thus, M-P can be appropriated for use in leachate treatment that could be cost-effective due its local availability and adsorption property

Sludge Bed Granules' Growth in the HUASB Reactor Treating High Strength Industrial Wastewater

The development of anaerobic sludge granules in a hybrid up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (HUASB) reactor in terms of granular size and solids content was observed. After appropriate pre-treatment of the palm oil mill effluent (POME), it was continuously fed to the HUASB reactor under room temperature condition (27°C).  Particle size analysis and solids content examination were conducted for 196 days. A volatile solid ratio was ranging from 0.36 to 0.51 which was quite low, and granules particle size of less than 1 mm diameter was reported during the operating period. Results obtained in this study indicated that sludge bed development based on the sludge particle size distribution and the volatile solid ratio, was quite slow due to the bulk solids that entering the reactor resulting in certain inhibition of the anaerobes’ activity. It has been concluded that anaerobic wastewater treatment process in anaerobic reactors such as the HUASB reactor, can be significantly affected by the organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time applied to the reactor and the wastewater characteristics

Treatment of biodiesel wastewater using ferric chloride and ferric sulfate

The production of biodiesel through the transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil and grease. In this study, coagulation was adopted to treat the biodiesel wastewater. Two types of coagulants were examined using standard jar test apparatus, i.e. ferric chloride and ferric sulfate. The effects of pH and coagulant dosage were examined at 150 rpm of rapid mixing and 20 rpm slow mixing and 30 min settling time, higher removal of SS (over 80%), colour (over 80%), COD (over 50%) and Oil and Grease (over 90%) were achieved at pH 6. Ferric Chloride was found to be superior was observed at reasonable lower amount of coagulant i.e. 300 mg/L. The result indicated that coagulation and flocculation process had contributed bigger roles in integrated treatment system

Landfill Leachate Treatment Using Hybrid Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) Reactor

Abstract: The Effect of the development process in the country would lead the increment of the solid wastes production. Malaysia as a developing country is also could not escape from the problem in its solid waste management. An important problem that associated to landfill is the production of leachate. Leachate contains dangerous substances such as organic matters, heavy metals, Nitrogen Ammonia and other materials that could pollute underground water source. The aim of the paper was to study landfill leachate treatment efficiency using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor in lab-scale. This research was investigate the pollutant content in landfill leachate and determines the percentage of nutrient removal. Parameters used for this research, were Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP). The experiments were carried out in lab scaled constructed reactor,  30 days duration which samples for test had been taken each 3 days intervals. The results showed that HUASB reactor were capable in removal several parameters. It has great ability in removal of Total Phosphorus and Suspended Solid with 90.60% and 80.70% each. The result of COD removal showed an encouraging removal graph, with average percentage removal 73.70%. Average percentage removal for BOD is 64%. Total Nitrogen was less remove nutrient with average percentage removal 50.32%. From the results, it showed that HUASB reactor capable to remove organic pollutants from landfill leachate

The Effectiveness of Peat-AC Composite Adsorbent in Removing SS, Colour and Fe from Landfill Leachate

Adsorption is a commonly used method for the removal of such various pollutants from aqueous solutions. Nowadays, due to cost-effectiveness, the adsorbent should be economical and cheaply available in abundance and it should require minimal for discharge into water bodies. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficiency of activated carbon (AC) to partially replace with peat as an inexpensive adsorbate composite medium for removing suspended solid (SS), colour and iron (Fe) from landfill leachate. The process of identifying the optimum composition of the composite adsorbent was carried out using batch technique. It shaken for 120 minutes with 200 rpm at pH 7. The optimum ratio of peat and AC had been chosen as 2.0:2.0 for SS and color while 2.5:1.5 for Fe. The value of the removal percentage for SS, colour and Fe were 71.6%, 74.4% and 79.6% in respectively. This indicates that peat can be used as a cost-effective medium to partially substitute of commercially AC in the composite for SS, colour and iron removal at a considerably lower cost

Phytoremediation of Metals in Industrial Sludge by Cyperus Kyllingia-Rasiga, Asystassia Intrusa and Scindapsus Pictus Var Argyaeus Plant Species

Laboratory studies have shown phytoremediation is a feasible method for remediating sludgecontaminated with heavy metals. This research focused on the ability of plants to hydroponically treat digestedindustrial sludge contaminated with aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead(Pb), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The sludge used in the study was obtained from the wastewatertreatment lagoon of a textile factory. Three species were used in the phytoremediation process. They were CyperusKyllingia-Rasiga, Asystassia Intrusa and Scindapsus Pictus Var Argyaeus. These species were planted inhydroponic pots placed under a transparent roof to allow natural light. In the first batch, pots containing 2 seedlingsof each plant were applied with 9.81 mg, 12.83 mg, 15.85 mg, 18.87 mg and 21.9 mg digested dried industrialsludge. In the second batch, the pots planted with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 seedlings and were applied with the same amountof 21.9 mg of digested industrial sludge each. The pH and electrical conductance (EC) of hydroponic solution weremonitored in this phytoremediation processes. The results showed that the absorption of heavy metals byAsystassia Intrusa was in the order of Mn > Al > Cu > Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cr, with medium pH and EC of6.90 ± 0.73 and 2.47 ± 1.96 μS/cm respectively . The absorption of heavy metals by Cyperus Kyllingia-Rasigawas in the order of Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Zn > Fe > Al > Cd at medium pH 6.87 ± 0.71 and EC 2.72 ± 1.85μS/cm and the absorption by Scindapsus Pictus Var Argyaeus was in the order of Cu > Ni > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cr >Cd > Al > Fe at neutral pH and the EC 2.72 ± 1.71 μS/cm. From the study it was concluded that the plant speciesused were able to significantly absorb the metals present in industrial sludge

Ammoniacal Nitrogen and COD Removal Using Zeolite-Feldspar Mineral Composite Adsorbent

The vigorous combination of  waste in landfill recognized as potential hazard source, but one distinctive problem associated with landfill is leachate. Zeolite is known as good adsorbent but the cost is relatively high. Feldspar is the most abundant mineral group in the world, forming around 60% of the earth’s crust. Due to its availability, feldspar becomes one of low cost materials.  Feldspar and zeolite is combining as an composite adsorbent in this study where there optimum ratio between this material is determined. The experimentcarried out in a series of 250 mL conical flask with varied amount of media ratio  shaken for 5 hours with 200 rpm shaking speed and at pH 7. The best ratio of feldspar and zeolite  chosen is 1:1 according to the adsorption behavior of organic constituent (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) to the media. The value of the removal percentage of COD and  NH3-N is  49% and 45% respectively and the  uptake  capacity for both contaminant is 50.14 mg/g  and 8.06mg/g respectively.  The usage of feldspar  will significantly reducing zeolite usage conventionally and consequently decresing the operational cost in leachate treatment

Geospatial analysis of lake water quality parameters in Selangor, Malaysia using GIS

Geospatial analysis of eight water quality parameters was applied for the assessment of the water quality of Serumpun lake located in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor. The Interim Water Quality Standard Malaysia (INWQS), Malaysian water quality index (WQI) and the Canadian water quality standards were applied for classification of the lake water. The spatial distribution of the water quality parameters was achieved by interpolation using inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. The result of the investigation indicated that the lake was polluted according to the Malaysian WQI having a value of 22.4. The three sub-index parameters were also classified as polluted according to the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) was used for further classification of the lake. The result of CCME-WQI showed that the lake was polluted with a value of 25.91

Extraction of hydrocarbons from freshwater green microalgae (Botryococcus sp.) biomass after phycoremediation of domestic wastewater

This study was undertaken to analyze the efficiency of Botryococcus sp. in the phycoremediation of domestic wastewater and to determine the variety of hydrocarbons derived from microalgal oil after phycoremediation. The study showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of pollutant loads of up to 93.9% chemical oxygen demand, 69.1% biochemical oxygen demand, 59.9% total nitrogen, 54.5% total organic carbon, and 36.8%phosphate. The average dry weight biomass produce was 0.1 g/L of wastewater. In addition, the dry weight biomass of Botryococcus sp. was found to contain 72.5% of crude oil. The composition analysis using Gas Chromatogram - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) found that phthalic acid, 2-ethylhexyltridecyl ester (C29H48O4), contributed the highest percentage (71.6%) of the total hydrocarbon compounds to the extracted algae oil. The result of the study suggests that Botryococcus sp. can be used for effective phycoremediation, as well as to provide a sustainable hydrocarbon source as a value-added chemical for the bio-based plastic industry