VGDRA: A Virtual Grid-Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment Scheme for Mobile Sink-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, exploiting the sink mobility has been considered as a good strategy to balance the nodes energy dissipation. Despite its numerous advantages, the data dissemination to the mobile sink is a challenging task for the resource constrained sensor nodes due to the dynamic network topology caused by the sink mobility. For efficient data delivery, nodes need to reconstruct their routes toward the latest location of the mobile sink, which undermines the energy conservation goal. In this paper, we present a virtual gridbased dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme that aims to minimize the routes reconstruction cost of the sensor nodes while maintaining nearly optimal routes to the latest location of the mobile sink. We propose a set of communication rules that governs the routes reconstruction process thereby requiring only a limited number of nodes to readjust their data delivery routes toward the mobile sink. Simulation results demonstrate reduced routes reconstruction cost and improved network lifetime of the VGDRA scheme when compared with existing work

Dynamics of Spatial Abundance of Zooplankton in Morella Coastal Waters, Central Maluku

The dynamics abundance of zooplankton in Morella coastal waters is poorly known.The purpose of this study was to detemine the abundance of zooplankton in Morella coastal waters during Southeast Monsoon. This research was conducted in August 2011. Plankton samples were collected from five stations, by NORPAC net that was vertically hauled from 10 meter depth up to the surface (except in Station 5, less than 10 m). The result showed that composition of zooplankton in Morella consisted of 43 taxa of zooplankton (33 taxa of holoplankton and 10 taxa of meroplankton). Total abundance of zooplankton was between 752 and 1050 ind/m3 (average 890±128 ind/m3), which was dominated by Copepods (53.70%). The abundace of the Copepods was between 368 and 742 ind/m3 (average 481±153 ind/m3). Copepods that typically found in coastal water may have higher tolerant on oceanographic factors than one that typically found in oceanic water. Sagitta enflata was identified as the most abundant, followed by Oncaea sp and Acrocalanus gibber. Echinoderms larvae were abundant in the pluteus stage (8 arms) indicated that spawning process occurred in August. The Bray-Curtis clustering analyses showed that in station 4 there were six different species zooplankton indentified in this location

Extrapolating gravitational-wave data from numerical simulations

Two complementary techniques are developed for obtaining the asymptotic form of gravitational-wave data at large radii from numerical simulations, in the form of easily implemented algorithms. It is shown that, without extrapolation, near-field effects produce errors in extracted waveforms that can significantly affect LIGO data analysis. The extrapolation techniques are discussed in the context of Newman--Penrose data applied to extrapolation of waveforms from an equal-mass, nonspinning black-hole binary simulation. The results of the two methods are shown to agree within error estimates. The various benefits and deficiencies of the methods are discussed.Comment: Added missing references; refined data. Version accepted in Phys. Rev.

Suitability of hybrid gravitational waveforms for unequal-mass binaries

This article studies sufficient accuracy criteria of hybrid post-Newtonian (PN) and numerical relativity (NR) waveforms for parameter estimation of strong binary black-hole sources in second- generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. We investigate equal-mass non-spinning binaries with a new 33-orbit NR waveform, as well as unequal-mass binaries with mass ratios 2, 3, 4 and 6. For equal masses, the 33-orbit NR waveform allows us to recover previous results and to extend the analysis toward matching at lower frequencies. For unequal masses, the errors between different PN approximants increase with mass ratio. Thus, at 3.5PN, hybrids for higher-mass-ratio systems would require NR waveforms with many more gravitational-wave (GW) cycles to guarantee no adverse impact on parameter estimation. Furthermore, we investigate the potential improvement in hybrid waveforms that can be expected from 4th order post-Newtonian waveforms, and find that knowledge of this 4th post-Newtonian order would significantly improve the accuracy of hybrid waveforms.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure

Komutator dan Identitas Komutator

Senter ( ) adalah himpunan semua elemen yang komutatif dengan setiap elemen dalam ring . Elemen-elemen yang saling komutatif dengan karakteristik tertentu membentuk struktur komutator. Lebih lanjut komutator merupakan dasar bagi terbentuknya identitas-identitas komutator

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Examples Non Examples Berbantuan Media Gambar untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Geografi Siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 4 Banda Aceh

Model pembelajaran examples non examples merupakan tipe pembelajaran yang mengaktifkan peserta didik dengan cara guru menempelkan contoh gambar-gambar yang sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa; (2) Aktivitas guru dan siswa; (3) Keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran; dan (4) Respon siswa terhadap model pembelajaran examples non examples. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X-IS SMA Negeri 4 Banda Aceh. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X-IS-1 SMA Negeri 4 Banda Aceh yang berjumlah 31 siswa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan (1) Lembar soal; (2) Lembar pengamatan aktivitas guru dan siswa; (3) Lembar pengamatan keterampilan guru; dan (4) Lembar respon siswa. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase ketuntasan individual pada siklus pertama68%, pada siklus kedua 74% dan pada siklus ketiga 93% . Ketuntasan klasikal pada siklus pertama 60%, pada siklus kedua 70% dan pada siklus ketiga 90%, aktivitas guru dan siswa dari siklus I, II sampai siklus III telah terjadi Perubahan lebih baik dan sudah dikategorikan sesuai dengan standar waktu yang ditetapkan. Keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran pada siklus pertama memperoleh skor 2,7 dengan kategori baik, pada siklus kedua memperoleh skor 2,8 dengan kategori baik dan pada siklus ketiga menjadi 2,9 dengan kategori baik. Respon siswa terhadap model pembelajaran examples non examples, yaitu 86% dari 31 siswa berpendapat bahwa dengan belajar melalui model pembelajaran examples non examples berbantuan media gambar dapat memahami materi pelajaran yang telah mereka ikuti

Hubungan Efikasi Diri Bidang Akademik dan Perilaku Belajar dengan Hasil Belajar Geografi Kelas XI Is di Man 3 Banda Aceh

Self efficacy is very important in the daily life of students because it can build a sense of confidence, student motivation, and as a reflection of each individual about the ability to learn in every field of learning. Students with good or bad self efficacy can also influence students\u27 behavior in the learning process. The problem formulation in this research is whether there is a significant correlation between self efficacy of academic field and learning behavior with learning result of class XI IS geography in MAN 3 Banda Aceh. In particular this study aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy academic field and learning behavior with learning outcomes geography class XI IS in MAN 3 Banda Aceh. This research approach is a quantitative approach. The population of this study were students of MAN 3 Banda Aceh, while the sample in the study were students of class XI IS MAN 3 Banda Aceh. Based on data analysis, the findings of this study can be put forward as follows: the relationship between self-efficacy in the academic field (X1) and learning behavior (X2) with the learning outcomes of geography (Y) class XI IS in MAN 3 Banda Aceh is 0.136 very low. The correlation between self efficacy of academic field (X1), learning behavior (X2), and geography learning result (Y) has no significant relation with value of Fcount and Ftable ie 0,366 < 3,24. The conclusion of this research is that there is no significant correlation between self efficacy of academic field and learning behavior with learning result of class XI IS geography in MAN 3 Banda Ace

Penataan Kawasan Bencana Lahar Dingin Di Kecamatan Ternate Tengah Dan Ternate Utara

Gunung api Gamalama terletak di Pulau Ternate Propinsi Maluku Utara. Letusan pertama Gunung api Gamalama yang tercatat dalam sejarah terjadi pada tahun 1530. Tahun 2011 dan 2012 terjadi bencana lahar dingin di Kecamatan Ternate Tengah dan Kecamatan Ternate Utara yang menimbulkan korban jiwa serta kerusakan sarana dan prasarana. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengurangi tingkat resiko bencana lahar dingin (mengurangi ancaman, kerentanan dan meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat) dan meningkatkan ketahanan masyarakat dalam memberikan rasa aman dan mengurangi jumlah korban jiwa akibat bencana aliran lahar dingin (menentukan tipologi bencana dan pola ruang). Lokasi penelitian terletak di Kecamatan Ternate Tengah dan Ternate Utara di Kota Ternate. Metode analisis yang digunakan sesuai dengan tujuan dan rumusan masalah yaitu analisis resiko bencana yang dilakukan dengan pembobotan, pengskoran dan overlay yang menggabungkan antara peta ancaman, peta kerentanan dan peta kemampuan. Analisis kemampuan menggunakan teknik crostabbulation yang didapat dari 100 responden. Hasil analisis resiko tersebut kemudian digunakan sebagai informasi dalam menentukan tipologi kawasan bencana lahar dingin dan penentuan pola ruang dalam penataan kawasan bencana lahar dingin. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh resiko tinggi di Kecamatan Ternate Tengah yaitu di Kelurahan Kalumpang, Moya, Mrikurubu, Kampung Pisang, dan Kota Baru. Sedangkan resiko sedang di Kecamatan Ternate Utara yaitu di Kelurahan Dufa-Dufa, Tubo, Akehuda, dan Tafure. Penataan kawasan bencana di fokuskan bagi kelurahan yang aman dan memilki resiko rendah sedangkan untuk resiko sedang dan tinggi akan dilindungi