The Role of Education and Schools in Crime Prevention among Child Offenders in Malaysia: Moving forward

Children subjected to suspensions and expulsions from schools are often more susceptible to truancy and anti-social behaviour. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are (a) to examine the adequacy of the existing legal framework in providing effective crime prevention measures in schools and whether the laws are meeting the international legal framework; and (b) to propose viable crime prevention measures that help address the disciplinary problems in schools. A qualitative study is undertaken to meet these objectives, and the findings from this study can help schools develop more holistic measures in addressing disciplinary cases of children in schools. Keywords: disciplinary cases; punishments, restorative justice; juvenile justice system. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:

Protection of Child Offenders at the Pre-Trial Process in Malaysia: Are We Doing Enough?

The adverse effects of the pre-trial process on child offenders are damaging, particularly on their mental, emotional and physical developments. This study adopted the qualitative design, and the results indicate that the majority of the child offenders affirmed that they were subjected to some forms of ill-treatment during the pre-trial process, particularly during the investigation stage, where they are subjected to questioning. Thus, the results can facilitate the policymakers in strengthening and developing the current laws and policies and to introduce diversion programmes as an alternative to the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. Keywords: pre-trial process; questioning, juveniles; ill-treatment. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.257

The application of pictures to decision problems and relative presentations

Regard the presentation P = as a 2-complex. Then we have the second homotopy module 2(P). The elements of 2(P) can be represented by spherical pictures. This is the key idea for this thesis. We give this preliminary background in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, we study properties of groups concerning 2 (P). We show that all these properties are recursively unsolvable, that is, there are no effective methods which can be applied to an arbitrary finite presentation P to determine whether or not groups have these properties. Our main results are Theorems 2.3.1 and 2.3.2, that is, that p-Cockcroft and efficiency are recursively unsolvable. Let P be a collection of spherical pictures over P. Then we may form a 3-complex K =. In Chapter 3 we establish the picture problem for K-the analogue of the word problem for P, a dimension higher. We prove Theorem 3.1.1.-the existence of K with unsolvable picture problem. From now onwards, we deal with relative presentations. We are interested in investigating the asphericity of P = (hi H). In Chapter 4, we survey the basic concepts, the important theorems for relative presentations and the tests for asphericity. The first major case that we consider is where a and b are non-trivial elements of H. We investigate asphericity of this form in Chapter 5. Excluding some exceptions that are not yet decided, we state our results in Theorems 5.1.1 and 5.2.1. In Chapter 6, we consider the second major case- where a, b and c are non-trivial elements of H. As in Chapter 5, we have some exceptions and we state our results in Theorems 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 6.3.1 and 6.4.1

Evaluating UKM's linear algebra final questions in line with outcome based education using bloom's taxonomy and item analysis

Crafting exam questions is an art in itself. Even though there is no strict formula for producing perfect exam questions, the current line of thinking points in the direction of Outcome Based Education (OBE). In this study, we evaluate the final exam questions of the 2012 Linear Algebra course using OBE standards in two separate phases. Firstly, the questions are categorised according to the Course Learning Objectives (CLO) and evaluated in light of the six cognitive domains of Bloom’s taxonomy. This first phase aims to assess whether the examination paper has the right balance of questions in each domain. The second phase involves analysing the results of the students in the same examination using item analysis techniques. The analysis includes finding the discrimination index and difficulty index derived from the answers of the students. This second phase focuses on determining the effectiveness of the questions in discriminating students according to their grasp of the CLO. Based on the results, some improvements are suggested. We conclude that except for the analysis level, the cognitive levels of all the questions are generally acceptable

Assessing the Viability of the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation

Abstract: The terrorist attack on the Achille Lauro prompted the international community to adopt the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) 1988, which established a legal basis for prosecuting maritime violence that did not fall within the piracy framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. To extend the range of offences covered by the Convention, it was amended by the 2005 Protocol. The Protocol, however, has been the subject of much criticism. One of the most serious criticisms of the Protocol is directed at its Article 8bis, which authorizes a state party to visit a ship flying the flag of another state party without prior authorization from the flag state on the ground of failure to respond within four hours. In fact, this provision is in conflict with the exclusive jurisdiction of a flag state over a ship flying its flag on the high seas. This is the reason why although the 2005 Protocol entered into force on 28 July 2010, until present, there are only 22 States parties, most of which are not major maritime countries. The main objective of this paper therefore is to identify shortcomings of the 2005 Protocol and assess its viability. It is suggested that the 2005 Protocol needs to be revised to cure its deficiencies in order to attract more states to become parties to it

Fortifying horn of Africa with the Djibouti code of conduct in combating piracy and armed robbery against ships: myth or reality

obally, the Djibouti Code of Conduct is the second regional agreement in combating piracy and armed robbery against ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden after the ReCAAP. Although it has great potential to contribute in suppressing these maritime crimes in the region, it does not fully address the problem due to its non-binding nature, lack of serious cooperation among Participants, narrow definition of maritime crimes, limitations in information sharing system and poor capacity building. Thus, there is an urgent need to evaluate the efficacy of the Djibouti Code of Conduct. Accordingly, the author intents to analyse its shortcomings and proposes viable solutions. In this paper, Participants are suggested to render binding legal effect to the Djibouti Code of Conduct as soon as possible for the effective suppression of increasing maritime violence crimes. It is also proposed to widen the scope of maritime crimes and include maritime terrorism. It is preferable to remove the two ships requirement from the piracy definition and include the phrase “Exclusive Economic Zone of a State Party” into the definition of armed robbery against ships. All Participants are advised to allow the hot pursuit in their territorial waters in arresting or seizing culprits and cooperate with the requesting Participant. All ships passing through the waters in the region are recommended to notify the flag state, the nearest national focal point of a Participant and the information exchange centre when any incident takes place. All information exchange centres and national focal points should also be well equipped with advanced technologies

The use of generation stochastic models to study an epidemic disease

Stochastic models have an important role in modeling and analyzing epidemic diseases for small size population. In this article, we study the generation of stochastic models for epidemic disease susceptible-infective-susceptible model. Here, we use the separation variable method to solve partial differential equation and the new developed modified probability generating function (PGF) of a random process to include a random catastrophe to solve the ordinary differential equations generated from partial differential equation. The results show that the probability function is too sensitive to μ, β and γ parameters

Teaching Science and Mathematics in English Steering Mastery in English Language Amongst Sciences Students in UKM

AbstractThis study was conducted to ascertain teaching Science and Mathematics in English will enhance English proficiency amongst the science stream students in UKM. The study found that the students agreed that the teaching of Science and Mathematics in English can improve their English proficiency. The results showed that teaching Science and Mathematics in English is capable of being a driven force in mastering basic English language and communication, and also in improving the explanation of the concept of Science and Mathematics in English

Students’ Inclination towards English Language as Medium of Instruction in the Teaching of Science and Mathematics

AbstractMalay language, the national language of Malaysia has been the medium of instruction for Science and Mathematics for the past four and a half decades in Malaysia. The government however changed the medium of instruction of these subjects to English in January 2003. The “Teaching and Learning of Science and Mathematics in English” (PPSMI) policy was implemented in all primary and secondary schools. It aims to improve the English language proficiency among students as well as the learning and achievement level in science and mathematics. This paper presents findings of the study on students’ inclination towards English language as medium of instruction in teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics in Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia. The respondents were 291 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) and Faculty of Education (FPEND) of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). A questionnaire pertaining to students’ inclination was used as research instrument. Using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test, the study found that undergraduate students of FST and FPEND had an inclination towards English as medium of instruction in the teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics. Using the Post-Hoc test, it is found that Indian students and students from other races than Malay and Chinese have greater inclination towards English as medium of instruction in teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics in UKM for both faculties. However, FST students who studied in Mandarin and Tamil at pre-university level (STPM) had higher inclination compared to those who used Malay language or even English