GC-MS ANALYSIS OF TERPENOIDS FROM LEAVES OF Canarium odontophyllum Miq.(DABAI)

Terpenoids are defined as secondary metabolites with carbon backbone molecular structures consisting of isoprene (2-methylbuta-1, 3-diene) units. They demonstrate important biological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, antiinflammatory, anticancer and cholesterol synthesis inhibition activities. Canarium odontophyllum Miq. or locally known as “dabai” is an endemic plant in Sarawak, Malaysia. Its leaf compositions were examined by using the GC-MS analysis in order to compare and contrast their volatile terpenoids constituents. The terpenoids content were 36.67% and 14% for hexane and ethanol extracts, respectively. nHexadecanoic acid, phytol and octadecanoic acid were the major terpenoids constituents from the leaves of C. odontophyllum Miq. n-Hexadecanoic acid (20.22%), phytol (8.74%) and octadecanoic acid (7.54%) were found to be predominant in the hexane extract, while phytol(21.02%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (14.52%) were major constituents in the ethanol extract. The C.odontophyllum Miq. leaf constituents are also related to their biological activities and would offer promising therapeutic effects. Further investigation should be conducted to develop it as apotential therapeutic drug

UVB Induced Skin Cancer Development in Experimental Mouse Model : A Review

Skin cancer is a widespread global issue, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation being a significant risk factor. Researchers often use the mouse skin cancer model to develop novel therapeutic chemoprevention strategies. This model involves exposing mice to UVB radiation to induce skin arcinogenesis. In this short communication, we found that 69.57% of studies used female SKH-1 hairless mice, 17.39% used BALB/c mice, 8.69% used Swiss albino mice, and 4.35% used HRS/J hairless mice. All studies used mice aged 5-8 weeks. Different models of mice were exposed to varying doses of UVB radiation. SKH-1 hairless mice received UVB radiation twice a week for 10-18 weeks, while Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 30 weeks. HRS/J hairless mice received UVB radiation five times a week for 15 weeks. BALB/c mice were treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation for 10-16 weeks to induce skin tumors. However, using SKH-1 hairless mice is costly. In conclusion, we can suggest BALB/c mice treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 16 weeks for UVB-induced skin cancer model, as it is more cost-effective than other hairless mouse models

Potential Photochemopreventive Effect of Fatty Acids and Terpenoid Rich Leaf Extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. on UVB-induced Immortalized Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) Skin Cancer Model.

Keratinocyte carcinoma is found in skin areas which are often exposed to the sun and a variety of natural products has been developed as a chemoprevention agent. One example is the Canarium odontophyllum Miq, or “Dabai”, which is an indigenous plant to Borneo, Sarawak. Fatty acids & terpenoid-rich extract from the leaf were obtained via extraction using hexane. FRAP assay showed antioxidant capacity for both 500 & 1000 µg/ml extract but not significantly different between doses. Untreated and treated immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were irradiated with UVB for 6 passages to a cumulative of 180 mJ/cm2 UVB. Findings showed 1000 ug/ml of TRCO significantly reduced p53 expression compared to the untreated group. Both 500 & 1000 µg/ml of TRCO significantly reduced the expression of Ki67 compared to the untreated group. Antioxidant and oxidative stress markers measurement revealed 500 µg/ml of TRCO significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity compared to the untreated group, both 500 & 1000 µg/ml TRCO significantly reduced catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and protein carbonyls compared to the untreated group. Reduced glutathione peroxidase activity is potentially due to depletion in glutathione by the UVB and extract. In vitro evaluations of TRCO on UVB-induced HaCaT skin cancer model revealed photochemopreventive properties. These promising findings validate further evaluation of C. odontophyllum Miq leaf extract as a potential therapeutic agent

Chemopreventive Measurements and Oxidative Stress Effects of Terpenoid-rich Canarium odontophyllum Miq. Leaf Extract (TRCO) in Ultraviolet B-Induced In-Vitro Skin Carcinogenesis Model

The most common type of cancer found in the human outer and middle skin layers is keratinocyte carcinoma, often known as non-melanoma skin cancer. Although it can be aggressive, skin cancer is generally not fatal. This study aims to measure the chemopreventive and oxidative stress effects of terpenoid-rich Canarium odontophyllum Miq.’s leaf extract (TRCO) in the UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis model. The model involving human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was adapted with optimisations with pretreatment of 500 μg/ml TRCO (TRCO500) & 1000 μg/ml TRCO (TRCO1000). The HaCaT oncogenic transformation model’s repetitive UVB exposure resulted in altered cell shape, according to our findings. Pretreatment of TRCO1000 significantly reduced tumour protein p53 (TP53) and marker of proliferation KI-67 (KI67) expression in UVB-induced HaCaT. Treatment with TRCO resulted in an overall reduction in oxidative stress. TRCO pretreatment showed reduced lipid peroxides, LPO and significantly reduced protein carbonyls. In conclusion, the promising results of this chemopreventive study using TRCO on this in-vitro skin carcinogenesis model suggested that it is worthwhile to conduct further isolations and assessments of terpenoids from C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf as a possible chemoprevention agent

Fatty acids and terpenoids from Canarium odontophyllum MIQ. Leaf and their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on UVB-induced immortalized human keratinocytes cells (HACAT)

The study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf; its fatty acids and terpenoids content; and cytotoxic effects on UVB-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). FRAP assay was used to determine antioxidant capacity. GC-MS analysis to identify the fatty acids and terpenoids’ in the hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was carried out to measure the cytotoxic effects of the extract on UVB-induced human keratinocytes. Serial doses of up to 1000 µg/mL extract were administered before UVB irradiation of the cells. FRAP assay showed the extract was found to exhibit antioxidant activity but no significant difference in ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) between dose 500 µg/mL (5.00 ± 0.35 AEAC) and 1000 µg/ mL (5.70 ± 0.29 AEAC) extract. GC-MS analysis showed the extract contained 88.93% of fatty acids and terpenoids, especially n-hexadecanoic acid, spathulenol, and phytol. MTT assay showed no IC50 value for the tested extract dose on UVB-induced HaCaT. Thus, the results suggest the potential application of hexane extract of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf in terpenoids’ studies. In-depth research and isolation of compounds of interest should be done to develop it as a viable medical phytotherapeutic agent

Anti-inflammatory effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. alba ethanol extracts

Objective: The study was carried out to determine and compare the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of flower and leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba(white Hibiscus) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (red Hibiscus). Methods: In the anti-inflammatory test, 0.1ml of carrageenan was injected sub plantarly 30 min before administration of each extracts (5, 50 or 100mg/kg). The animals were killed 6 hrs after carrageenan injection and polymorphonuclear infiltration (PNL) in paw tissues were counted. Phytochemical screening was also performed. Acute dose response was determined using Fixed Dose Procedure with fixed level of doses. Results: The results revealed flavanoids, saponins and steroids presence in all extracts. Dosing of animals up to 500 mg/kg of all extracts caused no toxicity. No significant changes (p>0.05) in liver enzyme levels and histologically no lesions in the organs. Dosing of 50 and 100 mg/kg of flower and leaf estracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. caused significant inhibition (p<0.05) of edema. Flower and leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba significantly inhibited (p<0.05) edema in all range of testing dose. The white hibiscus revealed a more potent anti -inflammation. All extracts at various concentration cause d significant reducti on (p<0.05) on PNL infiltration with white Hibiscus also more potent than red hibiscus. All extracts M showed significant reduction (p<0.05) on the duration of licking response. Same pattern was also observed as white Hibiscus was more potent inhibitor. Conclusion: This study showed flower and leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba and Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. produced anti-acute inflammatory activity. It may involve the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and reduce PNL and the white Hibiscus variety was more potent than the red variety

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF TERPENOIDS FROM LEAVES OF Canarium odontophyllum Miq.(DABAI)

Terpenoids are defined as secondary metabolites with carbon backbone molecular structures consisting of isoprene (2-methylbuta-1, 3-diene) units. They demonstrate important biological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, antiinflammatory, anticancer and cholesterol synthesis inhibition activities. Canarium odontophyllum Miq. or locally known as “dabai” is an endemic plant in Sarawak, Malaysia. Its leaf compositions were examined by using the GC-MS analysis in order to compare and contrast their volatile terpenoids constituents. The terpenoids content were 36.67% and 14% for hexane and ethanol extracts, respectively. nHexadecanoic acid, phytol and octadecanoic acid were the major terpenoids constituents from the leaves of C. odontophyllum Miq. n-Hexadecanoic acid (20.22%), phytol (8.74%) and octadecanoic acid (7.54%) were found to be predominant in the hexane extract, while phytol(21.02%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (14.52%) were major constituents in the ethanol extract. The C.odontophyllum Miq. leaf constituents are also related to their biological activities and would offer promising therapeutic effects. Further investigation should be conducted to develop it as apotential therapeutic drug

Toxicity and antipyretic effect of hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. alba flower and leaf ethanol extracts rats

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been traditionally used by local communities to treat fever. However, there are only limited data have been published to support the antipyretic effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the antipyretic properties and possible mechanism of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (red) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. Alba (white) flower and leaf. Phytochemical analysis, heavy metals screening and acute toxicity test were done to evaluate the safety of extracts. The first model ran induced fever in rats by injecting Brewer's Yeast subcutaneously and then treated with 4 extracts at dosage 5 & 50 mg/kg. The dosages used for the study were obtained by the acute toxicity test. Ibuprofen was used as a reference drug, with dose 100 mg/kg. The results of the study showed that white flower extract 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg significantly (p0.05) decrease of PGE2 when compared to control. Therefore, this research suggest the probability for its therapeutic effectiveness as plant-based antipyretic agent as claimed by traditional medicine practitioners of our local community

Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (Dabai) Leaf Phytoextracts and Their Medicinal Properties

Canarium odontophyllum Miq., renowned locally as “dabai,” is an endemic plant in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most people, especially in rural areas, consume this plant to maintain their health. A few medicinal studies have investigated C. odontophyllum Miq.’s biological properties to substantiate its use as nutraceuticals and health supplements. Crude extracts from C. odontophyllum Miq. demonstrated various medicinal properties, including antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive. In addition, numerous phytoextracts studies have revealed the existence of a variety of beneficial compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. However, despite various biological activities of C. odontophyllum Miq., there is currently no analysis summarizing the medicinal properties of its leaf. Thus, this short communication attempts to narrate the medicinal properties of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf and their phytoextracts responsible. In conclusion, we summarized C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf promising therapeutic effects with their phytoextracts and a step closer to developing it as potential nutraceuticals and health supplements to fulfill social interest

FATTY ACIDS AND TERPENOIDS FROM Canarium odontophyllum MIQ. LEAF AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON UVB-INDUCED IMMORTALIZED HUMAN KERATINOCYTES CELLS (HACAT)

The study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf; its fatty acids and terpenoids content; and cytotoxic effects on UVB-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). FRAP assay was used to determine antioxidant capacity. GC-MS analysis to identify the fatty acids and terpenoids’ in the hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was carried out to measure the cytotoxic effects of the extract on UVB-induced human keratinocytes. Serial doses of up to 1000 µg/mL extract were administered before UVB irradiation of the cells. FRAP assay showed the extract was found to exhibit antioxidant activity but no significant difference in ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) between dose 500 µg/mL (5.00 ± 0.35 AEAC) and 1000 µg/mL (5.70 ± 0.29 AEAC) extract. GC-MS analysis showed the extract contained 88.93% of fatty acids and terpenoids, especially n-hexadecanoic acid, spathulenol, and phytol. MTT assay showed no IC50 value for the tested extract dose on UVB-induced HaCaT. Thus, the results suggest the potential application of hexane extract of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf in terpenoids’ studies. In-depth research and isolation of compounds of interest should be done to develop it as a viable medical phytotherapeutic agent