Removal of persistent organic pollutants by adsorption and advanced oxidation processes

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Water scarcity due to persistent drought is forcing the countries around the world to explore alternative fresh water resources. Groundwater is one of the natural freshwater resources that can be used for human and agricultural use. But, contamination due to improper disposal of untreated human and industrial wastes affects the groundwater quality and renders it unsuitable for human and agricultural purpose unless the water is treated for contamination removal. Some of the common contaminants that contaminate groundwater are: landfill leachate from domestic landfills, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as pesticides (Metsulfuron methyl-MeS), Pharmaceutically Active Substances (PhAcS-Trimethoprim (TMP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). These contaminants cannot be removed effectively by conventional treatment processes such as coagulation, adsorption and are not easily bio-degradable. Therefore, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are preferably being used to remove these contaminants of concern because of their effectiveness against bio-refractory contaminants, faster degradation kinetics and economic viability. Common AOPs include: Photocatalysis; Fenton's oxidation; Ozonation and their combinations. Our study used Adsorption/biosorption (conventional treatment process) and Photocatalysis and Fenton's oxidation (AOPs) for the degradation of above mentioned contaminants. Synthetic Landfill Leachate (SLL) The adsorption/bio-degradation of diluted Landfill Leachate representing contaminated ground water on granular activated carbon was investigated both in batch and column (fixed bed studies) modes. The total organic carbon (TOC) (64 mg/1) removed due to adsorption by 20, 40, 60 g/l GAC was 44, 48 and 63%, whereas bio-degradation removed 85, 92 and 97% TOC respectively. The biodegradation of TOC was supported by consistent increase in microbial count on GAC particles. The Langmuir and Sips adsorption isotherms were found to fit well with the batch equilibrium. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the organics removal efficiency of the GAC bio-filtration system. In the combined process, a pre-treatment of SLL by Fenton's oxidation followed by bio-filtration led to an organic removal of 75% (an improvement of 15% over only biodegradation) even with a small oxidant (H2O2) dose of as low as 200-800 milli mole/L and Fe2+ of 15 milli moles. Photocatalysis with TiO2 as catalyst degraded SLL by only 30% Metsulfuron methyl (MeS) - an Herbicide The GAC adsorption removed more than 90% of MeS for an initial MeS concentration [MeS]o of 50 mg/L. The adsorption and kinetics of MeS on GAC were a function of the solution pH. The linear driving force approximation (LDFA) kinetic equation with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were successfully applied to predict the batch adsorption kinetics data in various concentrations of MeS. The Bohart- Adams and Thomas models were found to best simulate the fixed bed adsorption of MeS. The Fenton's process was very effective in the degradation of MeS. The MeS was degraded by more than 99% at a reaction time of 2 h and more at the optimum Fenton's reagent concentration. The results suggested that as long as a minimum threshold level of H202 (i.e., 60 mg/L) is applied, the long term (more than 1 hour) removal of MeS is primarily affected by the initial Fe2+ and MeS concentrations. The Fenton's process was successfully modeled using an 8-reaction, 2nd order kinetic model. The removal of MeS by photocatalysis with TiO2 was not effective as Fenton's oxidation. This study also investigated the toxicity of degradation by-products due to Fenton's oxidation of MeS. The herbicide toxicity of the parent and degradation by-products of MeS after Fenton's oxidation was determined by toxicological bioassay. The plant selected for this bioassay was the small aquatic flowering plant Lemna disperma, commonly known as duckweed, which is sensitive to MeS. The measured toxicity to Lemna in these treated samples was comparable to the concentrations of MeS measured by chemical method (HPLC/UV) detection. Pentachlorphenol (PCP) The removal of PCP from contaminated aqueous solution was investigated by GAC adsorption, photocatalysis and Fenton's oxidation processes. Adsorption by GAC was very successful in removing PCP from aqueous solution even with very small quantities of GAC. The adsorption efficiency was highest at lower pH. The adsorption of PCP on GAC occurred in two phases; a faster and a slower phase. This was modeled. The combination of UV/ Ti02 photocatalysis removed PCP completely within 30 minutes of reaction. Significant degradation of PCP was achieved even with a very low dose of Ti02 of 0.05g.L-1 (for [PCP]0 range of 10-40 mg.L-1) and 0.1 g.L-1 (for [PCP]0 of 60-80 mg.L-1). The first order and Sips kinetics were successfully used to predict the degradation rate of organic contaminants. The chemical analysis of C1- and PCP and calculation from chemical formula showed that only 44.8o/o PCP was completely mineralized although all 100% pure PCP underwent degradation to lower chlorinated phenol and other compounds. Fenton's process was very effective in PCP degradation. The PCP degradation by Fenton oxidation was a function of initial concentration of FR and their ratio (H202 and Fe2+), PCP (organic loading) and initial solution pH. The Sips Kinetic equation gave the best fit with the experimental data among different kinetic models tried. Trimethoprim (TMP) The removal of TMP by GAC adsorption was investigated at alkaline and acidic conditions. The percent TMP removed by 500 mg/L GAC at pH 3, 7 and 10 was 62.5, 82.5 and 99% respectively. Sips isotherm and dual first order kinetics explained the equilibrium and kinetic adsorption results. The removal of TMP in a GAC column (fixed bed) was also studied using 3 different shallow GAC bed heights of 2.5, 5 and 10 cm. Overall, the fit of the Thomas model was the best for fixed bed adsorption of TMP as indicated by the higher r2 values. In Fenton's oxidation the percent TMP removed was a function of initial FR dose. The [Fe2+]0 concentration for maximum TMP removal of 60% at an opti1num [H202]0 concentrations of 1.2 giL was 100 mg/L. The effect of catalyst concentration on the removal of TMP was more pronounced than the oxidant concentration. Photocatalysis (Ti02/UV) decomposed 80% of TMP concentration within 180 minutes of irradiation. The optimum Ti02 dose was 0.5 g/L which degraded TMP by 82% for an initial TMP concentration of 10 mg/L. In the continuous system, the feed flow rate through the photoreactor or detention time was an important factor in enhancing the TMP removal. A detention time of 50 minutes achieved 55% TMP removal. In-situ Fenton's oxidation (ISFO) of MeS and PCP In-situ contaminant reduction was investigated in sand columns (fixed beds). Both adsorption and Fenton's oxidation mechanisms were taken into account in ISFO to calculate the MeS removed. The In-situ Fenton's oxidation of MeS showed that for the transport and degradation of MeS in the column the residence time was the primary factor in determining the amount of MeS removal. The transport and degradation of MeS was modeled using the advection diffusion equation with reactions and rate limited sorption. The steady state adsorption of PCP in the sand filter was higher compared to that observed for MeS. The PCP removed by in-situ Fenton's oxidation was in the range of 80-90%. The in-situ Fenton's oxidation of PCP also showed that the residence time was the primary factor responsible in determining the amount of contaminant removal. Adsorption and Fenton's oxidation of PCP in the sand column was satisfactorily modeled in the same manner as MeS

Study Pencahayaan Alami pada Rumah Limas Panggung Palembang (Simulasi dengan Program Ecotect 5.0)

Sunlight as the largest source of natural light is widely used by humans to carry out their daily activities. Natural light is efficient and saves energy because it does not use electricity. Sometimes humans as light users do not realize how huge the importance of natural light in performing everyday activities as visual comfort. In this study, simulations are conducted on  Limas Stilt Houses Palembang. This is due to Limas Stilt Houses has existed since Palembang Sultanate era. This study focuses on research related to the opening on the wall of the elements of these houses through the simulation of natural light. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method based on engineering and architecture discipline of fields. From the simulation results obtained that the \u27gegajah\u27 space produced very little natural light ranges from 15-30 lux. This is due to gegajah space is located in the middle of the house and just rely on natural light from the \u27bengkilas\u27  and \u27pawon\u27 rom. While \u27bengkilas\u27 and \u27pawon\u27 sufficient range of 300-325 lux natural light

Perdagangan dan Kerjasama Ekonomi Dalam Ekonomi Sirkular

Perubahan paradigma dari ekonomi linear ke ekonomi sirkular membuka peluang besar dalam mengurai permasalahan lingkung�an, sosial dan sumberdaya ekonomi berbasis nilai tambah. Dengan paradigma prinsip CE peluang perdagangan internasional dan kerjasama antar negara sangat terbuka, apalagi negara-negara diberbagai kawasan, baik Barat, Eropa, Timur Tengah, dan bahkan Asia menjanjikan. Hal yang perlu dilakukan pemerintah Indonesia saat ini tentu perlu membuat kebijakan yang mendorong dan keberpihakan pada pengolahan (remanufakturing) limbah industri dan perumahan yang ramah lingkungan supaya bernilai ekonomis, serta pengawasan yang ketat pada para pelaku usaha agar kesada�ran akan manfaatnya ekonomi sirkular berkelanjutan

Individual and combined impact of heart failure and atrial fibrillation on ischaemic stroke outcomes: a prospective hospital register cohort study

Background and Purpose— We aimed to determine individual and combined effects of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) on acute ischemic stroke outcomes: in-hospital mortality, length-of-stay, and poststroke disability; long-term mortality and stroke recurrence. Methods— Prospective cohort study of patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to a UK center with a catchment population of ≈900 000 between 2004 and 2016. Exposure groups were patients with neither AF nor HF (reference group), those with AF but without HF, those with HF but without AF, and those with AF+HF. Logistic and Cox regressions were used to model in-hospital and long-term outcomes, respectively. Results— A total of 10 816 patients with a mean age±SD =77.9±12.1 years, 48% male were included. Only 30 (4.9%) of the patients with HF but not AF were anticoagulated at discharge. Both AF (odds ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.07–1.43]), HF (odds ratio, 1.40 [1.10–1.79]), and their combination (odds ratio, 2.23 [1.83–2.72]) were associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality. All 3 exposure groups were associated with increased length-of-stay, while only AF predicted increased disability (1.36 [1.12–1.64]). Patients were followed for a median of 5.5 and 3.7 years for mortality and recurrence, respectively. Long-term mortality was associated with AF (hazard ratio, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.33–1.59]), HF (2.07 [1.83–2.36]), and their combination (2.20 [1.96–2.46]). Recurrent stroke was associated with AF 1.50 (1.26–1.78), HF (1.33 [1.01–1.75]), and AF with HF (1.62 [1.28–2.07]). Conclusions— The AF-associated excess risk of stroke recurrence was independent of comorbid HF. HF without AF was also associated with a significant risk of recurrence. Anticoagulation for secondary stroke prevention in patients with HF without AF may require further evaluation in a clinical trial setting

Analysis of Factors Affecting State Revenue Receipts From the Taxation Sector

State revenues reflected in the APBN can be understood as total state financial revenues. This study aims to describe state revenues from the tax sector. The research method uses explanations from secondary data sources, especially from BPS. The conclusion obtained is that domestic tax revenues sourced from income tax, value added tax and income tax on luxury goods, land and building taxes, excise and other taxes have a direct effect on state financial revenues. The second international trade tax still does not make a significant contribution even though the import duty tax revenue is quite good, and the export tax is still not significant. The contribution of overall tax revenue in Indonesia to state finances is very high

Islamic Micro financial Institution in Distributing Productive Financing to SMEs

Proper funding is one of the biggest problems faced by micro and small entrepreneurs. Funding or Capital financing is usually very limited. Meanwhile, existing banking institutions including shari'a banking initiate various requirements so complicated for micro and small-enterprises/SMEs to attain. The existence of shari'a microfinance institutions which are currently in the form of BMTs can be found in almost every village or small town. BMT, as part of shari'a coordination, is a microfinance institution that plays a role as a banking institution, i.e. collecting, distributing and providing services can be an alternative for micro and small entrepreneurs. BMT as a companion institution for the distribution of SMEs would be the right partner, compared to banking institutions. Thus, it is expected that BMT as a shari’a cooperative or microfinance institution has to improve its performance. In exchange, the empowerment of micro and small businesses through financial assistance can be effective, especially in terms of funding management, membership and financing must be continuously improved

Knowing the Figure of KH. Munawar Al Badri Sang Paku Bumi, Da'wah Fighters from the North Coast

Every struggle of the ulama/kyai must have obstacles, obstacles and challenges, although relatively different but in principle the same, namely amar ma'rûf nahy munkar. KH. Munawar bin Kyai Badriyah bin Kyai Sarbian the originator and initiator of Islamic syi'ar broadcasters in the past Grinting era (1965s) known as Grinting is a black of culture, the village was left behind after being made aware of the importance of education, especially religious education in the 20s years later now different, advanced, high achievers and religious. It even became the village with the best educational participation rate. Through a qualitative approach with a narrative model and historical, descriptive, and literature methods. Success in spreading the mission of Islamic boarding school with its three teaching materials, namely reading the Qur'an, understanding tajwid and having good morals contributed to the millennial era, including in initiating Jam'iyah, and madrasa education

Comparison of granular activated carbon bio-sorption and advanced oxidation processes in the treatment of leachate effluent

Landfill leachate is a toxic effluent of a decomposing landfill that is produced when rainwater percolates through the landfill leaching out contaminants and pollutants. Untreated leachate is a potential source for the contamination of soil, surface and ground water. In this study, the treatment processes such as granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption/bio-sorption (batch), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) viz. photocatalysis and Fenton's process were evaluated and compared by using synthetic landfill leachate (SLL) as a contaminant. TiO2 was used as a catalyst in photocatalysis, and Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe+2) was used in Fenton's process. The degradation of SLL effluent by the three above-mentioned processes was characterized by the % TOC removal. The % TOC removed by photocatalysis, Fenton oxidation and bio-sorption (which includes adsorption and biodegradation) was 30, 60 and 85%, respectively. The bio-sorption increased with the increasing GAC dose. The optimum dose of Fenton's reagent in advanced oxidation was 15 and 400 milli moles of Fe+2 and H2O 2, respectively. The Fenton's process showed faster degradation kinetics compared to biodegradation and photocatalysis. © 2009 Springer

Influence of Clinical Pathway Implementation on the Outcome of Drug Rehabilitation Program Services

Patient safety, quality, and efficiency are global issues, therefore hospitals must be able to apply clinical pathways through clinical pathways as the main facilities and infrastructure, especially in services for increasingly acute drug addicts. This study aims to analyze the implementation of clinical pathways for drug rehabilitation program outcomes on 1) clinical quality, 2) cost, 3) readmission, 4) satisfaction, and 5) LOS, at RSJD Atma Husada Mahakam. This type of research uses cross-sectional with observational analytic, data collection through distributing questionnaires to 111 respondents, observation and literature study. The results showed that the clinical quality before and after the implementation of the clinical pathway had a significant effect, but the cost of treatment did not show any significance. There is a positive relationship between readmission and the implementation of clinical pathways, as well as addict satisfaction in the LOS rehabilitation room has a significant effect on treatment time and clinical pathways. A recommendation that the 5 (five) variables mentioned above, apart from being cost-effective, can improve the quality of drug rehabilitation services at RSJD Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda, so it needs to be maintaine

Mesenteric panniculitis with pedal edema in a 33-year-old Pakistani man: a case report and literature review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare pathology of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation and fibrosis in the mesentery. Its protean clinical and radiological manifestations make it a diagnostic challenge. There is no established treatment available for its management. The clinical outcome is inconsistent, with the prognosis ranging from complete resolution without any treatment to rapid progression culminating in death.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 33-year-old Pakistani man presented with vague abdominal pain, an ill-defined epigastric mass and bilateral pedal edema. A detailed review of his history and laboratory investigations did not point to any diagnosis. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy based on the finding of mesenteric soft-tissue density on computed tomography. The laparotomy did not prove to be of any diagnostic or therapeutic value. Upon review of the pre-operative computed tomographic scan at our institution, a diagnosis of mesenteric panniculitis was made. An acceptable resolution of abdominal pain and pedal edema was attained after a 4-week trial of immunosuppressive therapy. This is the first reported case of mesenteric panniculitis with pedal edema as part of its presentation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An increased awareness may lead to the development of a less invasive diagnostic approach and optimal treatment for this rarely recognized condition.</p