A Literature Review of Ergonomics Risk Factors in Construction Industry

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to overview the ergonomics risk factors in construction industry. The objective is to give a basic introduction and clear definition of ergonomic. The study will include the ergonomics risk factors in relation of human and their nature of work. Based on the literature, the most significant ergonomics risk factors are awkward posture in handling job task, force and repetition of specific movement including vibration. Other ergonomics risk factor includes uncomfortable static position, contact stress of muscles and tendon and also extreme temperature condition. This study will enhance the awareness of the risk factors which may occur in the construction industry

Leiomyoma of the anterior vaginal wall: a rare case

Background: Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle mesenchymal tumor, usually of uterine origin but may rarely develop in the vaginal walls. Case presentation: A case of 40-year-old para 5+0 woman with anterior vaginal wall leiomyoma is reported. The presentation mimics that of uterovaginal prolapse and hence presents a diagnostic challenge. The unusual appearance of the protrusion, failure to reduce at any time even while lying down, and complete absence of urinary symptoms raised the suspicion of a rare case. The diagnosis was made through examination under anesthesia, cystoscopy, and biopsy. Histological examination of the biopsy specimen confirmed vaginal wall leiomyoma. The patient had complete excision of the mass without any complications. Discussion and Conclusion: Vaginal wall leiomyoma is a rare benign vaginal lesion that can easily be misdiagnosed. Diagnosis involves critical clinical evaluation, especially during pelvic examinations. Any vaginal protrusion should be approached with a high index of suspicion, especially in patients of reproductive age

Gastroprotective activity of Polygonum chinense aqueous leaf extract on ethanol-induced hemorrhagic mucosal lesions in rats

Polygonum chinense is aMalaysian ethnic plant with various healing effects. This study was to determine preventive effect of aqueous leaf extract of P. chinense against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups. The normal and ulcer control groups were orally administered with distilled water. The reference group was orally administered with 20mg/kg omeprazole. The experimental groups received the extracts 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, accordingly. After sixty minutes, distilled water and absolute ethanol were given (5 mL/kg) to the normal control and the others,respectively. In addition to histology, immunohistochemical and periodic acid schiff (PAS) stains, levels of lipid peroxidation,malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The ulcer group exhibited severe mucosal damages. The experimental groups significantly reduced gastric lesions and MDA levels and increased SOD level. Immunohistochemistry of the experimental groups showed upregulation and downregulation of Hsp70 and Bax proteins, respectively. PAS staining in these groups exhibited intense staining as compared to the ulcer group. Acute toxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of the extract. Our data provide first evidence that P. chinense extract could significantly prevent gastric ulcer

The effect of a hyposmotic shock and purinergic agonists on K+(Rb+) efflux from cultured human breast cancer cells

The effect of a hyposmotic shock and extracellular ATP on the efflux of K+(Rb+) from human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) has been examined. A hyposmotic shock increased the fractional efflux of K+(Rb+) from MDA-MB-231 cells via a pathway which was unaffected by Cl− replacement. Apamin, charybdotoxin or removing extracellular Ca2+ had no effect on volume-activated K+(Rb+) efflux MDA-MB-231 cells. An osmotic shock also stimulated K+(Rb+) efflux from MCF-7 cells but to a much lesser extent than found with MDA-MB-231 cells. ATP-stimulated K+(Rb+) efflux from MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent fashion but had little effect on K+(Rb+) release from MCF-7 cells. ATP-stimulated K+(Rb+) efflux was only inhibited slightly by replacing Cl− with NO3−. Removal of external Ca2+ during treatment with ATP reduced the fractional efflux of K+(Rb+) in a manner suggesting a role for cellular Ca2+ stores. Charybdotoxin, but neither apamin nor iberiotoxin, inhibited ATP-stimulated K+(Rb+) release from MDA-MB-231 cells. Suramin inhibited the ATP-activated efflux of K+(Rb+). UTP also stimulated K+(Rb+) efflux from MDA-MB-231 cells whereas ADP, AMP and adenosine were without effect. A combination of an osmotic shock and ATP increased the fractional efflux of K+(Rb+) to a level greater than the sum of the individual treatments. It appears that the hyposmotically-activated and ATP-stimulated K+ efflux pathways are separate entities. However, there may be a degree of 'crosstalk' between the two pathways