The European court of human rights and the application of the presumption of innocence principle in Russia

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the modernization of the national legislation in the field of protection of human rights where the principle of the presumption of innocence plays an important role. The research objective is to define the role and meaning of the influence of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on the formation of case law practice of the presumption of innocence principle application in Russia, to define its contents and sense in the context of the formed model of enforcement of the right. The leading research methods are the historical and legal method, comparative and legal method, the system analysis and comparative and legal analysis. The article presents the results of research of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on the concept of case law practice on affairs with the application of the presumption of innocence principle in modern Russia. The paper defines the near-term outlook of influence of case law practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the development and modernization of the contents of the presumption of innocence principle and the quality of its application in Russia. A new criminal and legal model of the presumption of innocence principle is presented. The materials of this article can be useful to students of higher education institutions and universities of law, privately practicing lawyers, counsels, to the community of researchers of the theory and history of the right and the state, representatives of the scientific community who are interested in the issues of integration of Russia into the legal framework of modern Europe

Computer simulation of electron-positron pair production by channeling radiation in amorphous converter

We consider the radiator-converter approach at 200 MeV channeled electrons (the SPARC_LAB LNF facility energies) for the case of using W crystalline radiator and W amorphous converter. A comparison of the positron production by the axial channeling radiation and the bremsstrahlung is performed. The positron stopping in the convertor is studied by means of computer simulations. It is shown that for the maximum yield of positrons the thickness of the W amorphous converter should be taken 0.35 cm in the case of using the axial channeling radiation resulting to total yield of positrons 5 10-3 e+/e- and 0.71 cm in the case of using the bremsstrahlung resulting to total yield of positrons 3.3 10-3 e+/e-

Alpha Channeling in a Rotating Plasma

The wave-particle alpha-channeling effect is generalized to include rotating plasma. Specifically, radio frequency waves can resonate with alpha particles in a mirror machine with ExB rotation to diffuse the alpha particles along constrained paths in phase space. Of major interest is that the alpha-particle energy, in addition to amplifying the RF waves, can directly enhance the rotation energy which in turn provides additional plasma confinement in centrifugal fusion reactors. An ancillary benefit is the rapid removal of alpha particles, which increases the fusion reactivity.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figure

Обзор существующих методик оценки активности CYP2D6 с применением экзогенных и эндогенных маркеров

Peculiarities of functioning and polymorphism of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. Existing methods for determining its activity using endogenous markers. A review of studies on the screening of endogenous substrates, biotransformation mainly under the influence of isoenzyme CYP2D6. The results by determination pinoline relationship to its metabolite 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in mice for evaluation isoenzyme activity CYP2D6.Приведены особенности функционирования и полиморфизма изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Рассмотрены существующие методики определения его активности при помощи эндогенных маркеров. Представлен обзор исследований по скринингу эндогенных субстратов, подвергающихся биотрансформации преимущественно под воздействием изофермента CYP2D6. Изложены результаты по определению отношения пинолина к его метаболиту 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-бета-карболину in vitro на культуре клеток и in vivo на мышах для последующей оценки активности изофермента CYP2D6

Влияние изофермента CYP2D6 на метаболизм лекарственных препаратов и методы определения его активности

The article presents relevant information on the features of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6 functioning. 20-25% of drugs are metabolized by the action of CYP2D6. Determination of its activity allows for adjusting pharmacotherapy to increase the efficacy and safety of a drug or a combination of drugs. Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes genotyping and phenotyping methods allow for choosing the dosage and dosing regimen for patients on an individual basis. This article describes the genetic characteristics affecting CYP2D6. CYP2D6 polymorphism has a significant impact on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a drug. This may lead to side effects, or decrease the pharmacological action of the drug. The article covers the cases of change in clinical response to receiving β-blockers (metoprolol), antidepressants (venlafaxine) and opioids (codeine). These changes occurred in the presence of certain CYP2D6 alleles which speed up or slow down the metabolism. It also provides information on drug-drug interactions involving inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. Genotyping methods are used to determine the potential activity of CYP2D6. Dose adjustment is carried out basing on the results obtained. The current isoenzyme status is defined by phenotyping methods. CYP2D6 activity can be evaluated by determining the ratio of the substrate and its metabolite using HPLC. Pinoline, which is metabolized to 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, is the endogenous substrate for estimating the activity of CYP2D6.В статье приведена актуальная информация об особенностях функционирования изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Метаболизм 20-25% лекарственных препаратов происходит под действием изофермента CYP2D6. Определение его активности позволяет скорректировать фармакотерапию с увеличением эффективности и безопасности препарата или комбинации препаратов. Методы генотипирования и фенотипирования изоферментов цитохрома Р450 позволяют индивидуально для пациента подбирать дозировку, режим дозирования. В статье описаны генетические особенности, которые оказывают воздействие на изофермент CYP2D6. Полиморфизм изофермента CYP2D6 оказывает существенное влияние на метаболизм и фармакокинетику лекарственного препарата, что может привести кпобочным эффектом или снижению фармакологического действия препарата. Рассмотрены случаи изменения клинического ответа на прием β-блокаторов (метопролол), антидепрессантов (венфлаксин) и опиоидов (кодеин). Данные изменения происходили при наличии определенных аллелей CYP2D6, которые ускоряют или замедляют метаболизм. Также представлена информация о межлекарственном взаимодействиях, при которых происходит ингибирование изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Для определения потенциальной активности изофермента CYP2D6 используются методы генотипирования. На основании полученных результатов, проводится корректировка дозы. Текущий статус изофермента определяется методами фенотипирования. Определение соотношения субстрата и его метаболита методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии позволяют произвести оценку активности изофермента. Эндогенным субстратом для определения активности изофермента CYP2D6 является пинолин, метаболитом которого является 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-β-карболин

The European court of human rights and the application of the presumption of innocence principle in Russia

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the modernization of the national legislation in the field of protection of human rights where the principle of the presumption of innocence plays an important role. The research objective is to define the role and meaning of the influence of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on the formation of case law practice of the presumption of innocence principle application in Russia, to define its contents and sense in the context of the formed model of enforcement of the right. The leading research methods are the historical and legal method, comparative and legal method, the system analysis and comparative and legal analysis. The article presents the results of research of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on the concept of case law practice on affairs with the application of the presumption of innocence principle in modern Russia. The paper defines the near-term outlook of influence of case law practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the development and modernization of the contents of the presumption of innocence principle and the quality of its application in Russia. A new criminal and legal model of the presumption of innocence principle is presented. The materials of this article can be useful to students of higher education institutions and universities of law, privately practicing lawyers, counsels, to the community of researchers of the theory and history of the right and the state, representatives of the scientific community who are interested in the issues of integration of Russia into the legal framework of modern Europe

Precedents of the European Court of Human Rights and Problems of Implementation of the Principle of Presumption of Innocence

The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 not only provided the right for and guarantee of judicial protection of the rights and freedoms but also indicated that mentioned freedoms can be protected in international judicial bodies guarding human rights if several conditions are met.In the article provisions of the Russian Constitution, European Convention on human rights, the practice of the Russian Constitutional Court and of the European Court of human rights are analyzed. In the analysis the author dwells on different aspects of the protection of human rights and judicial proceedings on the basis of the aforementioned items. Such notions as just judicial proceedings and the principle of presumption of innocence are being emphasized.The author concludes that national courts should pay more attention and look more closely at the practice of the European Court of human rights as numerous judges’ mistakes, which this Court has to correct are, first of all, breaches of the national laws and only after that they are a contradiction to the practice of the European Court of human rights

The European court of human rights and the application of the presumption of innocence principle in Russia

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the modernization of the national legislation in the field of protection of human rights where the principle of the presumption of innocence plays an important role. The research objective is to define the role and meaning of the influence of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on the formation of case law practice of the presumption of innocence principle application in Russia, to define its contents and sense in the context of the formed model of enforcement of the right. The leading research methods are the historical and legal method, comparative and legal method, the system analysis and comparative and legal analysis. The article presents the results of research of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on the concept of case law practice on affairs with the application of the presumption of innocence principle in modern Russia. The paper defines the near-term outlook of influence of case law practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the development and modernization of the contents of the presumption of innocence principle and the quality of its application in Russia. A new criminal and legal model of the presumption of innocence principle is presented. The materials of this article can be useful to students of higher education institutions and universities of law, privately practicing lawyers, counsels, to the community of researchers of the theory and history of the right and the state, representatives of the scientific community who are interested in the issues of integration of Russia into the legal framework of modern Europe

The European court of human rights and the application of the presumption of innocence principle in Russia

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the modernization of the national legislation in the field of protection of human rights where the principle of the presumption of innocence plays an important role. The research objective is to define the role and meaning of the influence of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on the formation of case law practice of the presumption of innocence principle application in Russia, to define its contents and sense in the context of the formed model of enforcement of the right. The leading research methods are the historical and legal method, comparative and legal method, the system analysis and comparative and legal analysis. The article presents the results of research of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on the concept of case law practice on affairs with the application of the presumption of innocence principle in modern Russia. The paper defines the near-term outlook of influence of case law practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the development and modernization of the contents of the presumption of innocence principle and the quality of its application in Russia. A new criminal and legal model of the presumption of innocence principle is presented. The materials of this article can be useful to students of higher education institutions and universities of law, privately practicing lawyers, counsels, to the community of researchers of the theory and history of the right and the state, representatives of the scientific community who are interested in the issues of integration of Russia into the legal framework of modern Europe