Alpha Channeling in a Rotating Plasma

The wave-particle alpha-channeling effect is generalized to include rotating plasma. Specifically, radio frequency waves can resonate with alpha particles in a mirror machine with ExB rotation to diffuse the alpha particles along constrained paths in phase space. Of major interest is that the alpha-particle energy, in addition to amplifying the RF waves, can directly enhance the rotation energy which in turn provides additional plasma confinement in centrifugal fusion reactors. An ancillary benefit is the rapid removal of alpha particles, which increases the fusion reactivity.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figure

Обзор существующих методик оценки активности CYP2D6 с применением экзогенных и эндогенных маркеров

Peculiarities of functioning and polymorphism of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. Existing methods for determining its activity using endogenous markers. A review of studies on the screening of endogenous substrates, biotransformation mainly under the influence of isoenzyme CYP2D6. The results by determination pinoline relationship to its metabolite 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in mice for evaluation isoenzyme activity CYP2D6.Приведены особенности функционирования и полиморфизма изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Рассмотрены существующие методики определения его активности при помощи эндогенных маркеров. Представлен обзор исследований по скринингу эндогенных субстратов, подвергающихся биотрансформации преимущественно под воздействием изофермента CYP2D6. Изложены результаты по определению отношения пинолина к его метаболиту 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-бета-карболину in vitro на культуре клеток и in vivo на мышах для последующей оценки активности изофермента CYP2D6

Влияние изофермента CYP2D6 на метаболизм лекарственных препаратов и методы определения его активности

The article presents relevant information on the features of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6 functioning. 20-25% of drugs are metabolized by the action of CYP2D6. Determination of its activity allows for adjusting pharmacotherapy to increase the efficacy and safety of a drug or a combination of drugs. Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes genotyping and phenotyping methods allow for choosing the dosage and dosing regimen for patients on an individual basis. This article describes the genetic characteristics affecting CYP2D6. CYP2D6 polymorphism has a significant impact on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a drug. This may lead to side effects, or decrease the pharmacological action of the drug. The article covers the cases of change in clinical response to receiving β-blockers (metoprolol), antidepressants (venlafaxine) and opioids (codeine). These changes occurred in the presence of certain CYP2D6 alleles which speed up or slow down the metabolism. It also provides information on drug-drug interactions involving inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. Genotyping methods are used to determine the potential activity of CYP2D6. Dose adjustment is carried out basing on the results obtained. The current isoenzyme status is defined by phenotyping methods. CYP2D6 activity can be evaluated by determining the ratio of the substrate and its metabolite using HPLC. Pinoline, which is metabolized to 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, is the endogenous substrate for estimating the activity of CYP2D6.В статье приведена актуальная информация об особенностях функционирования изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Метаболизм 20-25% лекарственных препаратов происходит под действием изофермента CYP2D6. Определение его активности позволяет скорректировать фармакотерапию с увеличением эффективности и безопасности препарата или комбинации препаратов. Методы генотипирования и фенотипирования изоферментов цитохрома Р450 позволяют индивидуально для пациента подбирать дозировку, режим дозирования. В статье описаны генетические особенности, которые оказывают воздействие на изофермент CYP2D6. Полиморфизм изофермента CYP2D6 оказывает существенное влияние на метаболизм и фармакокинетику лекарственного препарата, что может привести кпобочным эффектом или снижению фармакологического действия препарата. Рассмотрены случаи изменения клинического ответа на прием β-блокаторов (метопролол), антидепрессантов (венфлаксин) и опиоидов (кодеин). Данные изменения происходили при наличии определенных аллелей CYP2D6, которые ускоряют или замедляют метаболизм. Также представлена информация о межлекарственном взаимодействиях, при которых происходит ингибирование изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP2D6. Для определения потенциальной активности изофермента CYP2D6 используются методы генотипирования. На основании полученных результатов, проводится корректировка дозы. Текущий статус изофермента определяется методами фенотипирования. Определение соотношения субстрата и его метаболита методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии позволяют произвести оценку активности изофермента. Эндогенным субстратом для определения активности изофермента CYP2D6 является пинолин, метаболитом которого является 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-β-карболин

NACA Technical Memorandums

"An approximate theory of buffeting is here presented, based on the assumption of harmonic disturbing forces. Two cases of buffeting are considered: namely, for a tail angle of attack greater and less than the stalling angle, respectively. On the basis of the tests conducted and the results of foreign investigators, a general analysis is given of the nature of the forced vibrations the possible load limits on the tail, and the methods of elimination of buffeting" (p. 1)

Tail Buffeting

An approximate theory of buffeting is here presented, based on the assumption of harmonic disturbing forces. Two cases of buffeting are considered: namely, for a tail angle of attack greater and less than the stalling angle, respectively. On the basis of the tests conducted and the results of foreign investigators, a general analysis is given of the nature of the forced vibrations the possible load limits on the tail, and the methods of elimination of buffeting

Influence of CYP2d6 on drug metabolism and methods for determining its activity

The article presents relevant information on the features of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6 functioning. 20-25% of drugs are metabolized by the action of CYP2D6. Determination of its activity allows for adjusting pharmacotherapy to increase the efficacy and safety of a drug or a combination of drugs. Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes genotyping and phenotyping methods allow for choosing the dosage and dosing regimen for patients on an individual basis. This article describes the genetic characteristics affecting CYP2D6. CYP2D6 polymorphism has a significant impact on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a drug. This may lead to side effects, or decrease the pharmacological action of the drug. The article covers the cases of change in clinical response to receiving β-blockers (metoprolol), antidepressants (venlafaxine) and opioids (codeine). These changes occurred in the presence of certain CYP2D6 alleles which speed up or slow down the metabolism. It also provides information on drug-drug interactions involving inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. Genotyping methods are used to determine the potential activity of CYP2D6. Dose adjustment is carried out basing on the results obtained. The current isoenzyme status is defined by phenotyping methods. CYP2D6 activity can be evaluated by determining the ratio of the substrate and its metabolite using HPLC. Pinoline, which is metabolized to 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, is the endogenous substrate for estimating the activity of CYP2D6

Characterization of ion species mix of the TEXTOR diagnostic hydrogen beam injector with a rf and arc-discharge plasma box

The ion specie fractions of the diagnostic hydrogen beam of TEXTOR tokamak have been determined by making use of a H-alpha-light Doppler shift spectroscopy and alternatively by a magnetic mass spectrometer. The measurements were done for the fixed beam energy of 50 keV and beam current variable up to 2.5 A. According to the measurements, the full energy beam component is for a radio frequency plasma box similar to50% by the particle density and more than 75% for an arc-discharge plasma box. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics