Collision of a vortex pair with a contaminated free surface

Collision of a viscous, two‐dimensional vortex pair with a contaminated, free surface is studied numerically. The Froude number is assumed to be small, so the surface remains flat. The full Navier–Stokes equations and a conservation equation for the surface contaminant are solved numerically by a finite difference method. The shear stress at the free surface is proportional to the contamination gradient, and simulations for several values of the proportionality constant (W), as well as Reynolds numbers, have been performed. The evolution is also compared with full‐slip and no‐slip boundaries. As the vortices approach the surface, the upwelling between them pushes the contaminant outward, reducing the amount directly above the vortices, and leading to a clean region for low W. As W is increased the clean region becomes smaller, and eventually no clean region is formed. Except for very low W, the contaminant layer leads to the creation of secondary vortices, causing the original vortices to rebound in a similar way as vortices colliding with a no‐slip boundary. For one case, the numerical results are compared with experimental measurements with satisfactory results. Computations of a vortex pair colliding obliquely with a contaminated surface and head‐on collision of axisymmetric vortex rings are also presented.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70265/2/PFADEB-4-6-1215-1.pd

Electrochemical sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and 4-(((4-mercaptophenyl)imino)methyl) benzene-1,2-diol for simultaneous determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen

A carbon paste electrode modified with 4-(((4-mercaptophenyl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,2-diol (MIB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes MIB /CNT/CPE) was prepared for determination of epinefrine (EP) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques were used to investigate the modified electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation of (EP) and (AC) in aqueous solutions. The separation of the oxidation peak potential for EP- AC was 200 mV. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for EP was obtained in the range of 1.0 to 25.0 µM and 25.0 to 500.0 µM. The diffusion coefficient for the oxidation of EP at the surface of modified electrode was calculated as 5.76×10-5 cm2s-1.</p

Fabrication of high-density cantilever arrays and through-wafer interconnects

Processes to fabricate dense, dry released microstructures with electrical connections on the opposite side of the wafer are described. A 10 x 10 array of silicon and polysilicon cantilevers with high packing density (5 tips/mm2) and high uniformity (6/C4F8, plasma etch followed by a HBr plasma etch to accurately release cantilevers. A process for fabricating electrical contacts through the backside of the wafer is also described. Electrodeposited resist, conformal CVD metal deposition and deep SF6/C4F8 plasma etching are used to make 30 µm/side square vias each of which has a resistance of 50 m(omega)

Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyranoquinolines on Zirconium-Containing UiO-66 Metal-Organic Frameworks

[EN] The Zr terephthalate MOFs UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 have been found to be highly diastereoselective catalysts for the synthesis of a pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline through an inverse electron -demand aza-Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition of an aryl Qmine (formed in situ from aniline and benzaldehyde) and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in one pot, affording the corresponding trans isomer in diastereomeric excesses of 90-95 %. The solids are stable under the reaction conditions and can be reused at least three times without significant loss of activity or diastereoselectivity.Financial support from the Generalitat Valenciana (projects Consolider-Ingenio MULTICAT and AICO/2015/065), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (program Severn Ochoa SEV20120267), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) (project MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P) is gratefully acknowledged. V. L. R. thanks the Fundacion "La Caixa" for a "La Caixa-Severo Ochoa" Ph. D. Scholarship. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Tesearch and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skolodowska Curie grant agreement number 641887.López-Rechac, V.; García Cirujano, F.; Corma Canós, A.; Llabrés I Xamena, FX. (2016). Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyranoquinolines on Zirconium-Containing UiO-66 Metal-Organic Frameworks. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 27:4512-4516. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201600372S4512451627Li, B., Wang, H., & Chen, B. (2014). Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 9(6), 1474-1498. doi:10.1002/asia.201400031Li, J.-R., Sculley, J., & Zhou, H.-C. (2011). Metal–Organic Frameworks for Separations. Chemical Reviews, 112(2), 869-932. doi:10.1021/cr200190sRodenas, T., Luz, I., Prieto, G., Seoane, B., Miro, H., Corma, A., … Gascon, J. (2014). Metal–organic framework nanosheets in polymer composite materials for gas separation. 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Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 104(1), 235-248. doi:10.1007/s11144-011-0345-9Kamble, V. T., Davane, B. S., Chavan, S. A., Muley, D. B., & Atkore, S. T. (2010). Imino Diels–Alder reactions: One-pot synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines. Chinese Chemical Letters, 21(3), 265-268. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2009.11.016Yu, Y., Zhou, J., Yao, Z., Xu, F., & Shen, Q. (2010). Stereoselective synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]- and furano[3,2-c]quinolines: Gadolinium chloride catalyzed one-pot aza-Diels-Alder reactions. Heteroatom Chemistry, 21(5), 351-354. doi:10.1002/hc.20612Khan, A. T., Das, D. K., & Khan, M. M. (2011). Ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O]: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives using Povarov reaction. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(35), 4539-4542. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.080Jeong, K. S., Go, Y. B., Shin, S. M., Lee, S. J., Kim, J., Yaghi, O. M., & Jeong, N. (2011). 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Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-c]- and Furano[3,2-c]quinolines: Samarium Diiodide-Catalyzed One-Pot Aza-Diels–Alder Reactions. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007(31), 5265-5269. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200700288Babu, G., & Perumal, P. T. (1998). Convenient synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines and indeno[2,1-c] quinolines by imino Diels-Alder reactions. Tetrahedron Letters, 39(20), 3225-3228. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00397-9Yadav, J., Subba Reddy, B., Madhuri, C. R., & Sabitha, G. (2004). LiBF4-Catalyzed Imino-Diels-Alder Reaction: A Facile Synthesis of Pyrano- and Furoquinolines. Synthesis, 2001(07). doi:10.1055/s-2001-14904Semwal, A., & Nayak, S. K. (2006). Copper(II) Bromide–Catalyzed Imino Diels–Alder Reaction: Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2‐c]‐ and Furo [3,2‐c]tetrahydroquinolines. Synthetic Communications, 36(2), 227-236. doi:10.1080/00397910500334595Domingo, L. R., Aurell, M. J., Sáez, J. A., & Mekelleche, S. M. (2014). Understanding the mechanism of the Povarov reaction. 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H., Usseglio, S., Jakobsen, S., Olsbye, U., Tilset, M., … Lillerud, K. P. (2010). Synthesis and Stability of Tagged UiO-66 Zr-MOFs. Chemistry of Materials, 22(24), 6632-6640. doi:10.1021/cm102601

Stable equations for nonlinear dispersive water waves.

For reasons that are clarified in the course of the dissertation, we implement a novel numerical technique (spectral method) and investigate both numerically and analytically the behavior of different Boussinesq-type equations in confronting short waves. The power of spectral methods in handling higher order dispersive terms is extensively demonstrated and confirmed in this work. We have shown that some of these equations (the classical Boussinesq equation included) behave very poorly in dealing with short wave data. Although the more straight forward case of Fourier spectral method in a periodic domain is used for most of the study, some cases of the Chebyshev spectral method are also tried for one uni-directional wave equation (the KdV equation) in a non-periodic domain. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction, some historical notes, and the motivation of the research. Chapter II begins with a short discussion of the classical wave equation. This is basically done to show that one can look at the nonlinear dispersive wave equations as higher order versions of the linear advection equation and linear wave equation. Then, a list of Boussinesq equations encountered in the literature is presented with some comments about each version. Chapter III concerns the introduction of the mathematical techniques used to study the equations. The central result in Chapter IV is to show the numerical techniques that are used to study different equations. Chapter V presents different numerical results. Mainly, a Fourier spectral scheme is used to solve the equations and in this chapter, various versions of the Boussinesq equations are solved. Chapter V is devoted to the comparison of different water wave equations and the final conclusions and recommendations are included in Chapter VII. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).Ph.D.Civil EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/103898/1/9423129.pdfDescription of 9423129.pdf : Restricted to UM users only