ENRICHMENT OF CASING SOIL WITH FE AND SOY-FLOUR UNDER Pseudomonas INOCULATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BUTTON MUSHROOM

Effects of casing soil enrichment with soybean flour (SF) and iron (Fe) were explored on yield and quality of edible mushrooms inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria in a factorial experiment with four replications. Fe from Fe chelate source was applied at two levels of 0 (Fe0) and 500 mg L-1 (Fe500), SF at three levels of 0% (SF0), 1.5% (SF1.5), and 3% (SF3) of compost dry weight, and bacteria inoculation at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycelia with P. putida). The maximum fresh yield (20.3 kg m-2), mushroom number (1041), biological efficiency (95.0%), vitamin C (3.74 mg 100 g-1 FW), and yield of protein (6.48 kg m-2) were obtained from SF1.5 + P. putida. But, the maximum tryptophan (1.37 mg g-1 DW), methionine (2.29 mg g-1 DW), and antioxidant capacity (4.25 mg mL-1) were related to SF3 inoculated with P. putida. Furthermore, the maximum carbohydrate (5.64%) was related to Fe500 + SF3. Based on the results, casing soil enrichment with Fe did not have a significant influence on quantitative and qualitative traits of mushrooms, but SF application at the rate of 1.5%, especially when accompanied by P. putida, played a more essential role. Thus, it is recommended to use 1.5% SF along with P. putida to enhance the yield and qualitative traits of edible mushrooms

In vitro Response of Asparagus breslerianus to NaCl

Asparagus breslerianus a wild species in Iran, exhibited tolerance to salt in dry gypsum hills and dry lands. In order to check for salt tolerance thresholdvia in vitro conditions, the A. breslerianus callus was subjected to NaCl (sodium chloride) treatments. Six weeks old calli derived from male spear bud, were exposed to 0, 21.88, 43.76, 65.64, 76.58, 87.52, 109.40, 131.28, 153.16 and 175.04 mM NaCl in MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal  medium supplemented with 0.88 µM BA (6-Benzylaminopurine) and 1.07 µM NAA (1- Naphthalene acetic acid). According to results, friable and compact type, green and white green calli were obtained up to 87.52 mM NaCl. Soft type, yellow and cream calli were observed with increasing salinity further 109.4 mM NaCl. Calli growth and plantlets regeneration were high in media up to 109.4 mM NaCl. In term of mineral accumulation, sodium content increased with an increase in NaCl levels. It indicates that A. breslerianus calli could acclimatize to salt stress by high osmotic adjustment. These suggested that, under in vitro salt-induced osmotic stress, A. breslerianus is reflected as salt resistant which tolerate NaCl up to 109.4 mM

ENRICHMENT OF CASING SOIL WITH FE AND SOY-FLOUR UNDER Pseudomonas INOCULATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BUTTON MUSHROOM

Effects of casing soil enrichment with soybean flour (SF) and iron (Fe) were explored on yield and quality of edible mushrooms inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria in a factorial experiment with four replications. Fe from Fe chelate source was applied at two levels of 0 (Fe0) and 500 mg L-1 (Fe500), SF at three levels of 0% (SF0), 1.5% (SF1.5), and 3% (SF3) of compost dry weight, and bacteria inoculation at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycelia with P. putida). The maximum fresh yield (20.3 kg m-2), mushroom number (1041), biological efficiency (95.0%), vitamin C (3.74 mg 100 g-1 FW), and yield of protein (6.48 kg m-2) were obtained from SF1.5 + P. putida. But, the maximum tryptophan (1.37 mg g-1 DW), methionine (2.29 mg g-1 DW), and antioxidant capacity (4.25 mg mL-1) were related to SF3 inoculated with P. putida. Furthermore, the maximum carbohydrate (5.64%) was related to Fe500 + SF3. Based on the results, casing soil enrichment with Fe did not have a significant influence on quantitative and qualitative traits of mushrooms, but SF application at the rate of 1.5%, especially when accompanied by P. putida, played a more essential role. Thus, it is recommended to use 1.5% SF along with P. putida to enhance the yield and qualitative traits of edible mushrooms

Paraoxonase 1 activity is associated with interleukin-6 levels in type 2 diabetes: Effects of age and gender

Background: A further understanding of the mechanisms linking inflammation to T2D and related complications can help prevent or control this silent but dangerous disease. This study was conducted to determine the association between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Furthermore, we have evaluated the role of age and gender in the relationship between the PON1 activity and IL-6. Methods: A total of 105 people with T2D were enrolled in this study. IL-6 levels were determined using ELISA. For the PON1 activity assay, the hydrolysis rate of the substrate phenylacetate was spectrophotometrically assayed in serum at 270 nm. The determined velocities were the initial velocities of substrate hydrolysis. Results: PON1 activity was negatively correlated with IL-6 in total data (r = −0.34, P = 0.001). In both groups with age ≥50 and <50 years, PON1 activity was negatively correlated with IL-6, but the correlation was significant in patients aged 50 years and above (r = −0.358, P = 0.005) compared with patients with age <50 years. In both women and men, PON1 activity was negatively correlated with IL-6, but the correlation was significant in women (r = −0.318, P = 0.006) in comparison with men. Conclusions: Inverse association between PON1 activity and IL-6 in T2D may represent the oxidative–inflammatory interaction in this disease. Our findings highlight that at older ages and in women, the associations between lower PON1 activity and higher IL-6 concentrations are more evident, and this should be considered in patients with T2D

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in all the three treatment groups.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in all the three treatment groups.</p

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in responders and non-responders receiving atorvastatin.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in responders and non-responders receiving atorvastatin.</p

Comparison of the study parameters between responders and nonresponders at baseline.

<p>Comparison of the study parameters between responders and nonresponders at baseline.</p

Differences between baseline parameter levels and levels after three months of treatment, according to metformin response and treatment group.

<p>Differences between baseline parameter levels and levels after three months of treatment, according to metformin response and treatment group.</p

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months ofmetformin therapy.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months ofmetformin therapy.</p