Alpha2beta1 Integrin (VLA-2) Protects Activated Human Effector T Cells From Methotrexate-Induced Apoptosis

β1 integrins are critical for T cell migration, survival and costimulation. The integrin α2β1, which is a receptor for collagen, also named VLA-2, is a major costimulatory pathway of effector T cells and has been implicated in arthritis pathogenesis. Herein, we have examined its ability to promote methotrexate (MTX) resistance by enhancing effector T cells survival. Our results show that attachment of anti-CD3-activated human polarized Th17 cells to collagen but not to fibronectin or laminin led to a significant reduction of MTX-induced apoptosis. The anti-CD3+collagen-rescued cells still produce significant amounts of IL-17 and IFNγ upon their reactivation indicating that their inflammatory nature is preserved. Mechanistically, we found that the prosurvival role of anti-CD3+collagen involves activation of the MTX transporter ABCC1 (ATP Binding Cassette subfamily C Member 1). Finally, the protective effect of collagen/α2β1 integrin on MTX-induced apoptosis also occurs in memory CD4+ T cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients suggesting its clinical relevance. Together these results show that α2β1 integrin promotes MTX resistance of effector T cells, and suggest that it could contribute to the development of MTX resistance that is seen in RA

NLRP3 inflammasome role in atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus

L’inflammasome NLRP3, un complexe protéique pro-inflammatoire, joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus pathologique de l’athérosclérose et du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Il est responsable de la maturation de la pro-IL-1β et de la pro-IL-18 respectivement en IL-1β et IL-18 biologiquement actives. L’objectif de cette étude consiste à identifier et caractériser un inhibiteur spécifique de l’inflammasome NLRP3 qui pourrait contribuer à limiter l’évolution des plaques d’athérome et l’installation du DT2. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons isolé l’Arglabine d’une plante, Artemisia glabella, connue pour ses vertus anti-tumorales. L’effet de l’Arglabine a été étudié au niveau des macrophages et des cellules β-pancréatiques, et chez des souris ApoE2.Ki et ApoE2.Ki/NLRP3-/- placées sous régime High Fat Diet (HFD). Les résultats in vitro montrent que l’Arglabine réduit, d’une façon dose-dépendante, l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 et inhibe l’expression des protéines Nlrp3, IL-1β et caspase-1. Elle induit l’autophagie en augmentant significativement l’expression de la LC3-II au niveau des macrophages murins en culture. L’injection intra-péritonéale de deux doses journalières d’Arglabine (2.5 ng/g de m.c.) à des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime HFD, normalise le profil lipidique et réduit l’oxydation des LDL au niveau du plasma des souris. Elle réduit le nombre des monocytes pro-inflammatoires (Ly-6Chigh) et augmente le nombre des monocytes anti-inflammatoires (Ly-6Clow). Au niveau des lésions artérielles, l’Arglabine oriente les macrophages présents vers un phénotype anti-inflammatoire M2. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre un rôle athéroprotecteur de l’Arglabine : elle réduit la surface des lésions artérielles au niveau du sinus aortique ainsi qu’au niveau de la totalité de l’aorte des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime athérogène. De plus, le traitement par l’Arglabine normalise le profil glycémique et insulinémique des souris ApoE2.Ki. Elle réduit également l’activité de la caspase 3 au niveau des îlots de Langerhans et augmente de manière dose-dépendante l’expression de la protéine Bcl-2 au niveau des cellules β-pancréatiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré une augmentation de l’expression de protéines impliquées dans l’autophagie telles que la Becline 1 et la LC3-II sous l’effet de l’Arglabine. Ainsi, l’Arglabine réduit non seulement l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais améliore aussi la survie des cellules β-pancréatiques. L’Arglabine constitue donc une molécule très prometteuse dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires et le DT2.The NLRP3 inflammasome activity is abnormally elevated in many human inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) respectively. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the identification of effective therapeutics that selectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we have identified Arglabin as a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets the NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cell culture and in an animal model, the ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD). Arglabin, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, has been used extensively as an herbal remedy that proved effective in treating cancer of the liver, lungs and breast at early stages. Arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1β and IL-18 production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal-activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, Arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of Arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD resulted in a decreased IL-1β plasma level and reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Treatment of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD with Arglabin significantly reduced the plasma concentration of anti-oxLDL antibodies. Moreover, Arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the median areas in the sinus and whole aorta. In comparison to vehicle-treated mice, Arglabin reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of active caspase 3 in Langerhans islets of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD that was significantly inhibited by Arglabin treatment. Moreover, Arglabin reduced susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured INS-1 cells by increasing concentration-dependently Bcl-2 levels, which led to concomitantly decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In cultured INS-1 cells, Arglabin increased the expression of the autophagic markers Becline 1 and LC3-II in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, our results indicate survival-promoting properties of the Arglabin molecule in pancreatic β-cells.In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat atherosclerosis and T2DM

Rôle de l'inflammasome NLRP3 dans l'athérosclérose et le diabète de type 2

The NLRP3 inflammasome activity is abnormally elevated in many human inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) respectively. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the identification of effective therapeutics that selectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we have identified Arglabin as a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets the NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cell culture and in an animal model, the ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD). Arglabin, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, has been used extensively as an herbal remedy that proved effective in treating cancer of the liver, lungs and breast at early stages. Arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1β and IL-18 production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal-activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, Arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of Arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD resulted in a decreased IL-1β plasma level and reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Treatment of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD with Arglabin significantly reduced the plasma concentration of anti-oxLDL antibodies. Moreover, Arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the median areas in the sinus and whole aorta. In comparison to vehicle-treated mice, Arglabin reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of active caspase 3 in Langerhans islets of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD that was significantly inhibited by Arglabin treatment. Moreover, Arglabin reduced susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured INS-1 cells by increasing concentration-dependently Bcl-2 levels, which led to concomitantly decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In cultured INS-1 cells, Arglabin increased the expression of the autophagic markers Becline 1 and LC3-II in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, our results indicate survival-promoting properties of the Arglabin molecule in pancreatic β-cells.In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat atherosclerosis and T2DM.L’inflammasome NLRP3, un complexe protéique pro-inflammatoire, joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus pathologique de l’athérosclérose et du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Il est responsable de la maturation de la pro-IL-1β et de la pro-IL-18 respectivement en IL-1β et IL-18 biologiquement actives. L’objectif de cette étude consiste à identifier et caractériser un inhibiteur spécifique de l’inflammasome NLRP3 qui pourrait contribuer à limiter l’évolution des plaques d’athérome et l’installation du DT2. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons isolé l’Arglabine d’une plante, Artemisia glabella, connue pour ses vertus anti-tumorales. L’effet de l’Arglabine a été étudié au niveau des macrophages et des cellules β-pancréatiques, et chez des souris ApoE2.Ki et ApoE2.Ki/NLRP3-/- placées sous régime High Fat Diet (HFD). Les résultats in vitro montrent que l’Arglabine réduit, d’une façon dose-dépendante, l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 et inhibe l’expression des protéines Nlrp3, IL-1β et caspase-1. Elle induit l’autophagie en augmentant significativement l’expression de la LC3-II au niveau des macrophages murins en culture. L’injection intra-péritonéale de deux doses journalières d’Arglabine (2.5 ng/g de m.c.) à des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime HFD, normalise le profil lipidique et réduit l’oxydation des LDL au niveau du plasma des souris. Elle réduit le nombre des monocytes pro-inflammatoires (Ly-6Chigh) et augmente le nombre des monocytes anti-inflammatoires (Ly-6Clow). Au niveau des lésions artérielles, l’Arglabine oriente les macrophages présents vers un phénotype anti-inflammatoire M2. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre un rôle athéroprotecteur de l’Arglabine : elle réduit la surface des lésions artérielles au niveau du sinus aortique ainsi qu’au niveau de la totalité de l’aorte des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime athérogène. De plus, le traitement par l’Arglabine normalise le profil glycémique et insulinémique des souris ApoE2.Ki. Elle réduit également l’activité de la caspase 3 au niveau des îlots de Langerhans et augmente de manière dose-dépendante l’expression de la protéine Bcl-2 au niveau des cellules β-pancréatiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré une augmentation de l’expression de protéines impliquées dans l’autophagie telles que la Becline 1 et la LC3-II sous l’effet de l’Arglabine. Ainsi, l’Arglabine réduit non seulement l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais améliore aussi la survie des cellules β-pancréatiques. L’Arglabine constitue donc une molécule très prometteuse dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires et le DT2

The Thioredoxin System as a Therapeutic Target in Human Health and Disease

International audienceThe thioredoxin (Trx) system comprises Trx, truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, and NADPH, besides a natural Trx inhibitor, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). This system is essential for maintaining the balance of the cellular redox status, and it is involved in the regulation of redox signaling. It is also pivotal for growth promotion, neuroprotection, inflammatory modulation, antiapoptosis, immune function, and atherosclerosis. As an ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, Trx is expressed in all forms of life, executing its function through its antioxidative, protein-reducing, and signal-transducing activities. In this review, the biological properties of the Trx system are highlighted, and its implications in several human diseases are discussed, including cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, stroke, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. The last chapter addresses the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the Trx system in human diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 19, 1266-1303

NLRP3 inflammasome: From a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases

IL-1β production is critically regulated by cytosolic molecular complexes, termed inflammasomes. Different inflammasome complexes have been described to date. While all inflammasomes recognize certain pathogens, it is the distinctive feature of NLRP3 inflammasome to be activated by many and diverse stimuli making NLRP3 the most versatile, and importantly also the most clinically implicated inflammasome. However, NLRP3 activation has remained the most enigmatic. It is not plausible that the intracellular NLRP3 receptor is able to detect all of its many and diverse triggers through direct interactions; instead, it is discussed that NLRP3 is responding to certain generic cellular stress-signals induced by the multitude of molecules that trigger its activation. An ever increasing number of studies link the sensing of cellular stress signals to a direct pathophysiological role of NLRP3 activation in a wide range of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and thus provide a novel mechanistic rational, on how molecules trigger and support sterile inflammatory diseases. A vast interest has created to unravel how NLRP3 becomes activated, since mechanistic insight is the prerequisite for a knowledge-based development of therapeutic intervention strategies that specifically target the NLRP3 triggered IL-1β production. In this review, we have updated knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation and on the pyrin domain in NLRP3 that could represent a drug target to treat sterile inflammatory diseases. We have reported mutations in NLRP3 that were found to be associated with certain diseases. In addition, we have reviewed the functional link between NLRP3 inflammasome, the regulator of cellular redox status Trx/TXNIP complex, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the pathogenesis of diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Finally, we have provided data on NLRP3 inflammasome, as a critical regulator involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Inhibition of the Inflammasome NLRP3 by Arglabin Attenuates Inflammation, Protects Pancreatic beta-Cells from Apoptosis, and Prevents Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Development in ApoE(2)Ki Mice on a Chronic High-Fat Diet

International audienceIntraperitoneal injection of arglabin (2.5 ng/g of body weight, twice daily, 13 weeks) into female human apolipoprotein E-2 gene knock-in (ApoE(2)Ki) mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD) reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin by similar to 20.0% +/- 63.5% and by 50.0% +/- 2.0%, respectively, in comparison with vehicle-treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of active caspase-3 in islet sections from ApoE(2)Ki mice fed a HFD and treated with arglabin. In addition, arglabin reduced interleukin-1 beta(IL-1 beta) production in a concentration-dependent manner in Langerhans islets isolated from ApoE(2)Ki mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and with cholesterol crystals. This inhibitory effect is specific for the inflammasome NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) because IL-1 beta production was abolished in Langerhans islets isolated from Nlrp3(-/-) mice. In the insulin-secreting INS-1 cells, arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the maturation of pro-IL-1 beta into biologically active IL-1 beta probably through the inhibition of the maturation of procaspase-1 into active capsase-1. Moreover, arglabin reduced the susceptibility of INS-1 cells to apoptosis by increasingBcl-2 levels. Similarly, autophagy activation by rapamycin decreased apoptosis susceptibility while autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenin treatment promoted apoptosis. Arglabin further increased the expression of the autophagic markers Bcl2-interacting protein (Beclin-1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3-II) in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, arglabin reduces NLRP3-dependent inflammation as well as apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells in vivo and in the INS-1 cell line in vitro, whereas it increases autophagy in cultured INS-1 cells, indicating survival-promoting properties of the compound in these cells. Hence, arglabin may represent a new promising compound to treat inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus development

Human Plasma Thioredoxin-80 Increases With Age and in ApoE −/− Mice Induces Inflammation, Angiogenesis, and Atherosclerosis

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Response to Letter Regarding Article, ``Anti-inflammatory and Antiatherogenic Effects of the Inflammasome NLRP3 Inhibitor Arglabin in ApoE2.Ki Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet''

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antiatherogenic Effects of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor Arglabin in ApoE(2).Ki Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

International audienceBackground-This study was designed to evaluate the effect of arglabin on the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE 2 Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet. Methods and Results-Arglabin was purified, and its chemical identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry. It inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18, but not IL-6 and IL-12, production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal-activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, with a maximum effect at approximate to 50 nmol/L and EC50 values for both cytokines of approximate to 10 nmol/L. Lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystals did not induce IL-1 beta and IL-18 production in Nlrp3(-/-) macrophages. In addition, arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE(2). Ki mice fed a high-fat diet resulted in a decreased IL-1 beta plasma level compared with vehicle-treated mice (5.2 +/- 1.0 versus 11.7 +/- 1.1 pg/mL). Surprisingly, arglabin also reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides to 41% and 42%, respectively. Moreover, arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Finally, arglabin treatment markedly reduced the median lesion areas in the sinus and whole aorta to 54% (P=0.02) and 41% (P=0.02), respectively. Conclusions-Arglabin reduces inflammation and plasma lipids, increases autophagy, and orients tissue macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype in ApoE 2. Ki mice fed a high-fat diet. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed. Thus, arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat inflammation and atherosclerosis