13 research outputs found

    Introductory Chapter: Indoor Air Quality in the Closed Building

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    Two novel biofilters to remove volatile organic compounds emitted by landfill sites

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    Abstract: The present work investigates the potential of two experimental field columns (FC-2 and FC-4) to reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill located in Quebec, Canada. The FC-2 and FC-4 were fed by raw biogas coming from the landfill site. The VOC were identified and quantified in emitted biogas and raw biogas. The emitted biogas was collected at the surface of FC-2 and FC-4, and the raw biogas was obtained directly from the well. The main groups of the VOC in the landfill biogas are BTEX (66 %), alkanes (19 %), cyclic compounds (10 %), and halogenated compounds (5 %). The concentration of VOC in the landfill raw biogas varies from below the limit of detection (BLD) to 22 ppmv, and that of the emitted biogas varies from BLD to 3.1 ppmv. The result of this study showed that the experimental field columns had a very high potential to reduce the VOC emissions from the investigated landfill. The effectiveness of the VOC emission removal for the FC-2 and FC-4 was shown to be practically 100 % for many compounds. The experimental field column elimination capacity of VOC emissions is in the range of 0.1 to 4.6 mg m−3 h−1

    Étude de la réduction des composés organiques volatils émis par les lieux d'enfouissement techniques par des bio-recouvrements

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    Résumé: Les lieux d'enfouissement techniques (LET) sont des émetteurs biogaz. Ces biogaz sont connus sous le nom des biogaz des LET (LFG). LFG est généralement composé de40- 45%v/vde CO2 et de55-65% v/v de C1-14et de nombreux composés organiques non méthaniques (NMOV). Ces NMOV englobent des polluants atmosphériques et des composés organiques volatils (COV). Plusieurs COV ont été identifiés et quantifiés dans le biogaz émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore (Québec, Canada).Dans le cadre d'un projet portant sur la réduction des émissions du méthane émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore, le groupe géo-environnemental de la faculté de génie de l'Université de Sherbrooke a mis sur place une plateforme depuis 2006. Cette plateforme est constituée de deux bio-recouvrements expérimentaux. 11 s'agit des bio-recouvrements d'oxydation passive du méthane (PMOB-1 B et 2). En 2012, deux cellules expérimentales (FC-2 et 4) ont été construites sur le LET de Saint-Nicéphore. Le PMOB-1 B est alimenté par le biogaz provenant des déchets enfouis directement. Par contre le PMOB-2 et les FC-2 et 4 sont alimentés par le biogaz provenant d'un puits de biogaz avec des débits contrôlés. Les PMOB-IB et 2 et les FC-2 et 4 ont fait objet d'un suivi pour étudier leurs efficacités de réduire les COV émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore. L'efficacité de réduction des COV par les PMOB (1B et 2) et les FC (2 et 4) est pratiquement 100% pour certains composés (p.ex. le toluène). Cette étude contient des résultats intéressants sur l'efficacité des bio-recouvrements pour réduire les COV émis par les LET. Elle est une documentation de terrain importante. Elle est réalisée sous des conditions climatiques réelles du Canada. C'est pour la première fois que les PMOB et les FC ont fait objet d'un suivi pour étudier leurs efficacités pour réduire les COV émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore.||Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are sources of landfill biogas (LFG) to the atmosphere. LFG is typically composed of 40-45% v/v CO? and 55-65% v/v CH? and numerous of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). NMOC consist of various organic hazardous air pollutants and volatile organic compound (VOC). In the present work, many VOC were identified and quantified in the biogas collected from Saint--Nicéphore (Quebec, Canada) landfill. The emission of VOCs to the atmosphere affects the air quality and can be harmful to the environment and human health. In recent years, many VOC mitigation strategies and technologies have been developed. The present work has focused on the ability of passive methane oxidizing biocovers (PMOB) to reduce landfill VOC emissions. In this research, the evaluation of VOCs removal efficiency of two experimental PMOBs (PMOB-1B and 2) installed at Saint--Nicéphore landfill site are performed. Furthermore, from the columns constructed in landfill site, two field columns namely FC-2 and 4 are monitored for the sampling period of three months. FC-2 and 4 were fed by biogas coming from biogas well of Saint--Nicéphore landfill. The potential of FC-2 and 4 was investigated to reduce VOCs emission from MSW landfill site. In this study, the biocover effectiveness obtained was practically 100% for some compound as toluene. It is observed that the FC-2 and 4 columns show the same behaviour as PMOB1B and 2 to reduce the VOC emissions from landfill site. Results reported in this thesis are, to our knowledge, the first investigation of the potential of biocovers installed in Saint--Nicephore landfill to reduce VOC emissions. Finally, from this research, it is concluded that PMOBs (1B and 2) and FC (2 and 4) are effective to reduce VOC emissions. [symboles non conformes

    Modélisation de la qualité de l'air dans une unité de bronchoscopie influence des stratégies de ventilation

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    Les gens passent environ 90% de leur temps à l’intérieur des édifices. Ces dernières années, la construction d’enveloppes de bâtiment plus étanches, l’augmentation considérable d’équipement bureautique et l’utilisation répandue de matériaux synthétiques ont fait en sorte que les préoccupations concernant l’air intérieur des bâtiments ne cessent d’augmenter. Le secteur hospitalier n’est pas à l’abri des problèmes liés à la qualité de l’air intérieur. On y retrouve des sources de pollution multiples et la présence d’une clientèle vulnérable. Ceci fait en sorte que ce secteur est particulièrement à risque. Ce travail porte sur la modélisation des mouvements d’air, du champ de température et de la concentration d’un contaminant gazeux dans une unité de bronchoscopie. Les modélisations sont réalisées à l’aide de la méthode de simulation des grandes échelles (LES). Trois scénarios de ventilation sont étudiés soit deux scénario inspirés des conditions de ventilation dans la pièce réelle et un troisième scénario basé sur les recommandations du CDC (Center of Disease Control). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les différentes stratégies de ventilation influencent la concentration du contaminant dans la pièce fermée. Des concentrations moyennes des contaminants variant de 920 à 1260 ppm sont obtenues selon le scénario considéré. L’efficacité de la ventilation est également comparée en termes d’indice de qualité de l’air et de l’âge moyen de l’air. En se basant sur ces indices, le scénario inspiré des recommandations du CDC est celui qui performe le moins efficacement

    Evaluation of the efficiency of an experimental biocover to reduce BTEX emissions from landfill biogas

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    Abstract: Landfill emissions include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and, particularly, benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene isomers (collectively called BTEX). The latter are the most common VOCs found in landfill biogas. BTEX affect air quality and may be harmful to human health. In conjunction with a study aiming to evaluate the efficiency of passive methane oxidizing biocovers, a complementary project was developed with the specific goal of evaluating the reduction in VOC emissions due to the installation of a biocover. One of the biocovers constructed at the Saint-Nicéphore (Quebec, Canada) landfill site was instrumented for this purpose. The total BTEX concentration in the raw biogas ranged from 28.7 to 65.4ppmv, and the measured concentration of BTEX in biogas emitted through the biocover ranged from below the limit of detection (BLD) to 2.1ppmv. The other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) concentration varied from 18.8 to 40.4ppmv and from 0.8 to 1.2ppmv in the raw biogas and in the emitted biogas, respectively. The results obtained showed that the biocover effectiveness ranged from 67% to 100% and from 96% to 97% for BTEX and OVOC, respectively

    Numerical Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Hospital Case Study: Bronchoscopy Unit

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    This paper presents three ventilation scenarios for a bronchoscopy unit using a numerical study. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is employed for this purpose. The results obtained are visualized using Smokeview (SMV), which is a program for displaying FDS results. The numerical results are compared with experimental ones from Cheong and Phua’s research study. This study was chosen because it investigates ventilation strategies in hospital isolation rooms using a tracer gas technique. In the present work, six points of measurements are utilized to evaluate the concentrations of contaminants and air velocity. The results show that the concentrations estimated by FDS are inferior to the experimental results given by Cheong and Phua . For example, in the SP1 point of measurement, the concentrations estimated by FDS and by Cheong and Phua are 20 and 28.9 ppm, respectively, while in the SP5 point, the concentrations estimated by FDS and by Cheong and Phua are 28.6 and 32.9 ppm, respectively. The error percentages between FDS estimates and experimental measurements made by Cheong and Phua range between 1 and 32%

    The Impact of Polymer Electrolyte Properties on Lithium-Ion Batteries

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    In recent decades, the enhancement of the properties of electrolytes and electrodes resulted in the development of efficient electrochemical energy storage devices. We herein reported the impact of the different polymer electrolytes in terms of physicochemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since LIBs use many groups of electrolytes, such as liquid electrolytes, quasi-solid electrolytes, and solid electrolytes, the efficiency of the full device relies on the type of electrolyte used. A good electrolyte is the one that, when used in Li-ion batteries, exhibits high Li+ diffusion between electrodes, the lowest resistance during cycling at the interfaces, a high capacity of retention, a very good cycle-life, high thermal stability, high specific capacitance, and high energy density. The impact of various polymer electrolytes and their components has been reported in this work, which helps to understand their effect on battery performance. Although, single-electrolyte material cannot be sufficient to fulfill the requirements of a good LIB. This review is aimed to lead toward an appropriate choice of polymer electrolyte for LIBs

    Étude de la réduction des composés organiques volatils émis par les lieux d'enfouissement techniques par des bio-recouvrements

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    Résumé: Les lieux d'enfouissement techniques (LET) sont des émetteurs biogaz. Ces biogaz sont connus sous le nom des biogaz des LET (LFG). LFG est généralement composé de40- 45%v/vde CO2 et de55-65% v/v de C1-14et de nombreux composés organiques non méthaniques (NMOV). Ces NMOV englobent des polluants atmosphériques et des composés organiques volatils (COV). Plusieurs COV ont été identifiés et quantifiés dans le biogaz émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore (Québec, Canada).Dans le cadre d'un projet portant sur la réduction des émissions du méthane émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore, le groupe géo-environnemental de la faculté de génie de l'Université de Sherbrooke a mis sur place une plateforme depuis 2006. Cette plateforme est constituée de deux bio-recouvrements expérimentaux. 11 s'agit des bio-recouvrements d'oxydation passive du méthane (PMOB-1 B et 2). En 2012, deux cellules expérimentales (FC-2 et 4) ont été construites sur le LET de Saint-Nicéphore. Le PMOB-1 B est alimenté par le biogaz provenant des déchets enfouis directement. Par contre le PMOB-2 et les FC-2 et 4 sont alimentés par le biogaz provenant d'un puits de biogaz avec des débits contrôlés. Les PMOB-IB et 2 et les FC-2 et 4 ont fait objet d'un suivi pour étudier leurs efficacités de réduire les COV émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore. L'efficacité de réduction des COV par les PMOB (1B et 2) et les FC (2 et 4) est pratiquement 100% pour certains composés (p.ex. le toluène). Cette étude contient des résultats intéressants sur l'efficacité des bio-recouvrements pour réduire les COV émis par les LET. Elle est une documentation de terrain importante. Elle est réalisée sous des conditions climatiques réelles du Canada. C'est pour la première fois que les PMOB et les FC ont fait objet d'un suivi pour étudier leurs efficacités pour réduire les COV émis par le LET de Saint-Nicéphore.||Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are sources of landfill biogas (LFG) to the atmosphere. LFG is typically composed of 40-45% v/v CO? and 55-65% v/v CH? and numerous of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). NMOC consist of various organic hazardous air pollutants and volatile organic compound (VOC). In the present work, many VOC were identified and quantified in the biogas collected from Saint--Nicéphore (Quebec, Canada) landfill. The emission of VOCs to the atmosphere affects the air quality and can be harmful to the environment and human health. In recent years, many VOC mitigation strategies and technologies have been developed. The present work has focused on the ability of passive methane oxidizing biocovers (PMOB) to reduce landfill VOC emissions. In this research, the evaluation of VOCs removal efficiency of two experimental PMOBs (PMOB-1B and 2) installed at Saint--Nicéphore landfill site are performed. Furthermore, from the columns constructed in landfill site, two field columns namely FC-2 and 4 are monitored for the sampling period of three months. FC-2 and 4 were fed by biogas coming from biogas well of Saint--Nicéphore landfill. The potential of FC-2 and 4 was investigated to reduce VOCs emission from MSW landfill site. In this study, the biocover effectiveness obtained was practically 100% for some compound as toluene. It is observed that the FC-2 and 4 columns show the same behaviour as PMOB1B and 2 to reduce the VOC emissions from landfill site. Results reported in this thesis are, to our knowledge, the first investigation of the potential of biocovers installed in Saint--Nicephore landfill to reduce VOC emissions. Finally, from this research, it is concluded that PMOBs (1B and 2) and FC (2 and 4) are effective to reduce VOC emissions. [symboles non conformes

    Nonlinear coordination strategy between renewable energy sources and fuel cells for frequency regulation of hybrid power systems

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    This study proposes an advanced control strategy for the coordination of an energy storage system (ESS) based on fuel cells (FCs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) to enhance frequency dynamic performance in hybrid power systems (HPSs). The proposed coordination control strategy is based on the nonlinear proportional-integral (NPI) controller, which increases the system's flexibility in dealing with disturbances and changing operating conditions. In addition, it improves the system's dynamic response and attempts to address system weakness caused by highly penetrating RESs. The proposed NPI controller is optimally designed using a new optimization algorithm, called dandelion optimizer (DO), whose proficiency and effectiveness are verified by comparing its performance with other well-known optimization algorithms used in the literature; particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and ant lion optimization (ALO) algorithms considering various standard objective functions. Furthermore, the proposed NPI controller performs better than other control strategies used in the literature under load/RESs fluctuations. The effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear coordination control strategy is examined and investigated through a self-contained HPS that includes a diesel generator, RESs (i.e., photovoltaic and wind power plants), battery ESS, flywheel ESS, aqua electrolyzer for hydrogen production, FCs, electric vehicles, and customer loads. The simulation results carried out by the MATLAB software demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed DO-optimized NPI controller for HPS frequency regulation, even when the power system's parameters have substantial variations. Moreover, the results revealed that the proposed strategy significantly reduces the frequency deviation by approximately 95% compared to the conventional coordination strategy based on the fixed contribution of RESs and by 90% compared to the adaptive coordination control based on the PI controller
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