Colorectal cancer in Egypt is commoner in young people: Is this cause for alarm?

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide after lung and breast cancers with two-thirds of all CRCs occurring in the more developed regions of the world. CRC affects men and women of all racial and ethnic groups, and is most often found in those aged 50 years or older. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of CRC among patients undergoing colonoscopy in Egypt. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study. A total of 412 consecutive patients who underwent planned pancolonoscopy from January 2000 to January 2012 at our institution were assessed. All endoscopic examinations leading to a diagnosis of CRC were evaluated. The following parameters were analyzed: frequency of CRC, patient characteristics, indication for endoscopic examination, endoscopic findings, localization of CRC and histopathology. Results: CRC was diagnosed in 57 patients (14% of all colonoscopies). Fifty-six percent were female. The mean age was 51± 15 years (age range: 16–80 years). Twenty-five percent of cancers occurred in patients aged less than 40 years. The most frequent indication for colonoscopy was rectal bleeding (39%). The most common colonoscopy finding was mass (96%). Sixty-eight percent of CRC were located in the left colon and rectum. Ninety-one percent of CRC wereAdenocarcinoma. Conclusions: CRC is not uncommon among Egyptian patients subjected to colonoscopy. Thereare relatively higher CRC rates in patients under 40 years of age than reported in the West. This has implications relating to future epidemiological trends in Egypt. Physicians must have a greater awareness of the potential for CRC in young people in the Middle East.Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Birth cohort; Egypt 

The Impact of organizational Learning Culture's on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention among Privet sector in Saudi Arabia

Organizational learning culture has positive impact with job satisfaction on the productivity of the organization, this study showed that there is a negative relationship between the organizational learning culture and turnover intention which the employees in the organizations they are not linked ;earning with their intention to leave, we figure out in this study the job satisfaction positively influence organizational commitment this is refer for the employees will have the commitment for their organizations when they have job satisfaction first and organizational commitment has negative relationship with turnover intention, the studies shown that there are employees that could stay in the organization even of they do not have commitment for their organizations. Keywords: Organizational learning culture, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, privet sector and Saudi Arabia DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-8-17 Publication date: April 30th 202

Prevalence of reflux esophagitis among patients undergoing endoscopy in a secondary referral hospital in Giza, Egypt

Background: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent diseases seen in western countries. The prevalence of GERD is lower in the Asian population and the spectrum of the disease is mild. Data from Africa and the Middle East are sparse.Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, severity and risk factors of reflux esophagitis (RE) among patients undergoing endoscopy in a secondary referral hospital in Egypt.Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study. Data on patients presenting with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (RS) and scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2000 and January 2013 were collected.Results: Four hundred and thirty-three patients were assessed. Two hundred and fifty-four (59%) were male. Ages ranged from 18 to 85 years, mean 45± 15 years. One hundred and forty-four patients (33%) had a history of smoking, 120 (28%) were taking aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 8 (2%) were consuming alcohol. The duration of RS ranged from one month to 20 years, mean 21 ± 30 months. One hundred and forty-six patients (34%) had the RS daily, 70 (16%) classified RS as severe intensity and 99 (23%) had acid regurgitation. One hundred and six patients (24%) were found to have RE. Ninety-eight of them (23%) showed grade 1. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) was diagnosed in seven patients (2%) and esophageal stricture in one (0.2%). One hundred and four patients (24%) had hiatus hernia (HH), 16 (4%) gastric ulcers and 45 (10%) duodenal ulcers. In multivariate analysis, male sex and HH were two independent risk factors for the development of RE.Conclusion: The prevalence of RE is low among patients undergoing endoscopy. Most of the patients had a mild degree of esophagitis. BE and stricture were rarely seen. Male sex and HH were risk factors of RE

Improving the quality of endoscopic polypectomy by introducing a colonoscopy quality assurance program

Background: Colonoscopy is a routine procedure in patients who present with bowel symptoms. Polyps can be identified and removed during colonoscopy. A colonoscopy quality-assurance program (CQAP) was instituted in 2003.Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of instituting a CQAP on the quality of endoscopic polypectomy (EP) in our patients.Patients and methods: An Initial assessment of EP practice in 2003 showed that four patients had polyps. Cecal intubation had been achieved in only two patients and a complete polyp description (CPD) had not been documented. Polypectomy was performed in two patients but the completeness of removal and retrieval of the polyps had not been assessed and histology had not been recorded. A quality improvement process was therefore instituted. This required full colonoscopy to the cecum, CPD and polypectomy to be performed for every polyp. There should be a 90% retrieval rate of all excised polyps and follow up of all histology reports. Seventy-six patients were assessed prospectively over the period 2004–2011.Results: Cecal intubation rates increased from 65% in years 2004–2007 to 90% in years 2008–2011 (t-proportion = 2.4 & CI= 4.7, highly significant). CPD rates increased from 35% to 100% (t-proportion = 6.5 & CI= 12.7,  highly significant). EP rates increased from 59% to 100% (t-proportion = 3.5 & CI= 6.9, highly significant). Percentage of procedures in which all polyps were judged completely removed increased from 41% to 86% (t-proportion = 3.6 & CI= 7, highly significant). Polyp retrieval rates, with retrieval of P90% of all excised polyps, increased from 80% to 92% (t-proportion = 0.87 & CI= 1.7, significant). Polyp histology documentation rates increased from 41% to 88% (t-proportion =3.7 & CI= 7.3, highly significant).Conclusion: The implementation of a quality assurance and improvement program improved the quality of EP in patients with polyp(s) detected during colonoscopy.Keywords: Colonoscopy; Polypectomy; Quality assurance; Juvenile polyp

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL PYRAZOLO[3,4-b]PYRIDINES AND THEIR SPIRO-HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES

The present work describes the synthesis of a novel series of heterocyclic moieties derived from 5-acetylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (1). The formation of chalcones (2a-d) was utilized to synthesize pyrazoline, isoxazoline and pyrimidine derivatives (3-10). Thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone (11, 17) were utilized to synthesize other new triazolethiones, thiadiazole and selenadiazole derivatives (11-19). Some new spiro derivatives (22-25) were synthesized by the reaction of chalcone (21) of 1 and isatine with hydrazines, hydroxyl amines and thiourea. Also, The reaction of 1 with cyanoacetyl hydrazine gave the hydrazide-hydrazone derivative 26, which was allowed to react with aromatic aldehydes and α-cyanocinnamonitrile to afford coumarine and substituted pyridine derivatives (28, 29). The structures of all the new compounds have been established on the basis of their analytical and spectral data. Twenty two of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi and most are found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with Chloramphenicol and Clotrimazol

Why So Cynical? The Effect of Job Burnout as a Mediator on the Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Cynicism

The current study represents a noteworthy step towards a better understanding of how perceived organizational support influences burnout and cynicism of healthcare staff. It explores whether perceived organizational support reduces job burnout and organizational cynicism and whether job burnout plays a mediating role in the relationship between POS and organizational cynicism. Data were collected from 211 personnel working in the healthcare industry in Saudi Arabia. Findings indicate that a high level of perceived organizational support ameliorates the experienced burnout symptoms, and allay cynical attitudes, emotions, and behaviors at work. The study also unfolds that burnout is mediating the relationship between POS and organizational cynicism, which highlights the importance of properly managing burnout. The study suggested that healthcare organizations should imperatively provide the necessary organizational support wherever and whenever it is needed and utilize the appropriate interventions to minimize the effects of burnout and cynicism. This is the first study that analyzed the impact of POS on organizational cynicism through the mediating variable of job burnout, and the first paper that investigates POS, organizational cynicism, and job burnout of healthcare staff in a single study. It adds to the growing body of literature on antecedents of organizational cynicism, job burnout, and POS as a mean to reduce negative workplace phenomena. Keywords: perceived organizational support, job burnout, organizational cynicism, social exchange theory, job demand model, healthcare industry, healthcare staff. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-7-04 Publication date: April 30th 202

Investigating the Influence of Job Satisfaction, Job Burnout and Job Engagement on Turnover Intention Among Private Sector Employees in Saudi Arabia

This research was conducted on private sector employees in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. A quantitative methodology was used with a survey of 336 participants to investigate the influence of job engagement, job satisfaction and job burnout on turnover intention. The results support the research hypotheses that job satisfaction and job engagement negatively influence turnover intention, job burnout has a positive influence on turnover intention, and Job Engagement has a positive influence on job Satisfaction and job burnout. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Job Burnout, Job Engagement, Turnover Intention. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-10-13 Publication date:May 31st 202

Antecedents of Turnover Intentions: Health Care Staff in Saudi Arabia

This research aims to investigate the antecedents of turnover intentions and the relationship between work stress and job satisfaction among health care staff in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected via an online survey, and the sample consists of 143 health care staff both medical and non-medical staff in Saudi Arabia. Results generated using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results show there is a significant positive effect between work stress and turnover intention, and a significant negative effect between job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The results also show that there is significant positive relationship between work stress and job satisfaction. Keywords: Turnover intentions, Work stress, Job satisfaction, Health care staff. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-8-18 Publication date: April 30th 202

Hegemony of network capabilities, frugal innovation and innovation strategies: The innovation performance perspective

The emergence of advanced technologies has brought new challenges and opportunities for all kinds of business organizations. In a technologically advanced era, innovation plays a dominant role for the successful operation of the commercial landscape. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the impact of network capabilities (NC) and frugal innovation (FI) on innovation performance (IP). Furthermore, the mediating role of FI and moderating role of innovation strategies has also been tested on the link between NC and IP. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) registered with small and medium enterprises development authorities (SMEDA) were approached for the completion of the current study. Only 509 owner/managers agreed to participate. A quantitative research design was employed for the current study. During the two–three months process of data collection only 387 complete responses were received from the SMEs working in Pakistan’s big cities. Correlation, regression and bootstrap methods were applied to test the study hypotheses. The findings revealed that NC positively affect FI and IP. Furthermore, the findings also confirmed the mediating effect of FI between NC and IP link. The performance of SMEs working in emerging economies is largely based on their innovative activities. In this dynamic scenario SMEs’ survival is attached to continuous IP in their products and services

Translational control of gene expression via interacting feedback loops

Translation is a key step in the synthesis of proteins. Accordingly, cells have evolved an intricate array of control mechanisms to regulate this process. By constructing a multi-component mathematical framework for translation we uncover how translation may be controlled via interacting feedback loops. Our results reveal that this interplay gives rise to a remarkable range of protein synthesis dynamics, including oscillations, step-change and bistability. This suggests that cells may have recourse to a much richer set of control mechanisms than was previously understood.Comment: Supplementary Material Available on Reques