Time Delay Estimation in Mobile Sensors for Underwater Networking

The time synchronization between any two sensor nodes in an Ad-hoc Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) could be destroyed due to motion of these wireless sensors which induced Doppler shift. This synchronization obstacle can be sorted out by exploiting the mobility between sensor nodes. In the proposed system, the time delay between sensor nodes in both divergence and convergence scenarios are estimated based on estimating the time scaling factor. An improvement is introduced in terms of packet structure in order to challenge the channel effect and accurate estimation over the speed up to ±2 m/s. To verify the proposed system robustness, different levels of the nodes speeds have been considered in the simulation. Obtained results show that the proposed system is robust against severs channel conditions. Keywords: UWSNs, time delay, time synchronization

Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined Radio

In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embedded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding

Modeling the Geometry of an Underwater Channel for Acoustic Communication, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2022, nr 4

The achievement of efficient data transmissions via underwater acoustic channels, while dealing with large data packets and real-time data fed by underwater sensors, requires a~high data rate. However, diffraction, refraction, and reflection phenomena, as well as phase and amplitude variations, are common problems experienced in underwater acoustic (UWA) channels. These factors make it difficult to achieve high-speed and long-range underwater acoustic communications. Due to multipath interference caused by surface and ocean floor reflections, the process of modeling acoustic channels under the water's surface is of key importance. This work proposes a~simple geometry-based channel model for underwater communication. The impact that varying numbers of reflections, low water depth values, and distances between the transmitter and the receiver exert on channel impulse response and transmission loss is examined. The high degree of similarity between numerical simulations and actual results demonstrates that the proposed model is suitable for describing shallow underwater acoustic communication environments

Fuzzy modeling and parameters optimization for the enhancement of biodiesel production from waste frying oil over montmorillonite clay K-30

Transesterification is a promising technology for the biodiesel production to provide an alternative fuel that considers the environmental concerns. From the economic and environmental protection points of view, utilization of waste frying oil for the production of biodiesel addresses very beneficial impacts. Production of higher yield of biodiesel is a challenging process in order to commercialize it with a lower cost. The current study focuses on the influence of different parameters such as reaction temperature (°C), reaction period (min), oil to methanol ratio and amount of catalyst (wt%) on the production of biodiesel. The main objective of this work is to develop a model via fuzzy logic approach in order to maximize the biodiesel produced from waste frying oil using montmorillonite Clay K-30 as a catalyst. The optimization for the operating parameters has been performed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. During the optimization process, the decision variables were represented by four different operating parameters: temperature (40–140 °C), reaction period (60–300 min), oil/methanol ratio (1:6–1:18) and amount of catalyst (1–5 wt%). The model has been validated with the experimental data and compared with the optimal results reported based on other optimization techniques. Results showed the increment of biodiesel production by 15% using the proposed strategy compared to the earlier study. The obtained biodiesel production yield reached 93.70% with the optimal parameters for a temperature at 69.66 °C, a reaction period of 300 min, oil/methanol ratio of 1:9 and an amount of catalyst of 5 wt%

Humoral immune factor changes in group of patients with Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical therapy.

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) one of the most common urologic cancer characterized by the highest recurrence rate, many types belong to BC, but most common of them worldwide are transitional cell carcinoma(TCC) which constitute about 90-95% cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinomas Objective: This study was designed to evaluate parameters of humoral immunity in Non-muscle invasive (superficial or early) bladder cancer patients in Iraq that may provide a new insight into the future of immunotherapies development and BC management. Materials and methods: Fifty-nine volunteer's patients ranged from 24 to 83years old, and 30 control individuals ranged from 51-80 years old, who attended and admitted to Hospital of Gazi AL-Harery in medical city of Baghdad, and Al-Emamain Al-Khadhemain Teaching hospital was recruited in this investigation. The sera of study groups were subjected to serological test to estimate the levels of (IgA, IgG, IgM and C3) by Single radial immunodiffusion (sRID) assay and Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to estimate the serum levels of IL-10. Results: The ages ranged from 24 to 83years (females: 26 to 72years, males: 38 to 83years) with male to female ratio 4.9:1 and ages of controls ranged from 51 to 80years (females: 54 to 70years, males: 51 to 80years) with male to female ratio 2.75:1, the mean ages of cases and controls groups were (61.65±11.04) , current study showed significance dropping in C3 levels in patients control and Mitomycin C groups compared with apparently healthy, levels of IgM showed significant elevation in BCG group compared with apparently healthy group while patients control and mitomycin C groups showed insignificant elevation of IgM. Levels of IgG showed significant elevation in patients control and mitomycin C groups compared with apparently healthy group while in BCG group showed no differences. Serum levels of IL-10 showed no differences between apparently healthy group and each of patient's groups, also showed no differences within patient's groups Conclusions: Bladder cancer is a common urologic malignancy in male than female patients enrolled in this study. Intravesical BCG or Mitomycin C leading to effective anti-bladder cancer immunity in the majority of Patients الخلفية: سرطان المثانة   واحدة من أكثر سرطان المسالك البولية شيوعا تتميز أعلى معدل تكرار، العديد من الأنواع تنتمي إلى  سرطان المثانة ، ولكن الأكثر شيوعا منهم في جميع أنحاء العالم هي سرطان الخلايا الانتقالية   التي تشكل حوالي 90-95٪  من الحالات.   الهدف: تم تصميم هذه الدراسة لتقييم المعلمات من المناعة الخلطية   في  مرضى سرطان المثانة في العراق التي قد توفر نظرة جديدة في مستقبل    العلاج المناعي لهذا المرض .  المواد والأساليب: تراوح عدد المرضى المتطوعين الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 24 و 83 سنة، و 30 فردا من الأشخاص الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 51 و 80 عاما، والذين حضروا إلى مستشفى غازي الحريري في مدينة بغداد الطبية، و مدينة الامامين الكاظمين   . تم اختبار مصل الدم من مجموعات الدراسة لاختبار المصلية لتقدير مستويات (IgA, IgG, IgM and C3 ) من خلال فحص المناعي الشعاعي واحد   وبواسطة  فحص (إليسا)      النتائج: تراوحت الأعمار من 24 إلى 83 سنة (الإناث: 26 إلى 72 سنة، ذكور: 38 إلى 83 سنة) مع نسبة الذكور إلى الإناث 4.9: 1 وأعمار الضوابط تراوحت بين 51 إلى 80 سنة (الإناث: 54 إلى 70 سنة، ذكور: 51 إلى (61.65 ± 11.04)، وأظهرت الدراسة الحالية انخفاض معنوي في مستويات C3 في السيطرة على المرضى ومجموعات ميتوميسين C مقارنة بمستويات سليمة على ما يبدو من  IgM أظهرت ارتفاع كبير في مجموعة  IgGمقارنة مع مجموعة   صحية بينما أظهرت الدراسة  السيطرة على المرضى والمجموعات ميتوميسين C ارتفاع كبير من IgM. وأظهرت مستويات  IgG ارتفاع ملحوظ في السيطرة على المرضى والمجموعات ميتوميسين C مقارنة مع مجموعة على ما يبدو صحي   أظهرت مستويات مصل الدم من  IL10 عدم وجود فروق بين المجموعة الصحية على ما يبدو وكل من مجموعات المريض، كما أظهرت أي اختلافات داخل مجموعات المريض الاستنتاجات: سرطان المثانة هو الأورام الخبيثة المسالك البولية شيوعا في الذكور من الإناث المرضى المسجلين في هذه الدراسة.  BCG أو ميتوميسين C   يؤدي إلى فعالية المناعة المضادة لسرطان المثانة في غالبية المرض

Environmental pressures and eco-innovation in manufacturing SMEs: the mediating effect of environmental capabilities

Purpose: Although environmental pressures have been covered in great detail in prior literature as the drivers of eco-innovation, there remains inconsistency in the empirical results concerning the effects of these pressures on eco-innovation behaviour. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the impact of environmental pressures, namely, regulatory pressure, green demand and competitive pressure, on eco-innovation among manufacturing SMEs. Moreover, it examined the mediating role of environmental capabilities on the environmental pressure–eco-innovation relationship. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative data were collected using an online self-reported questionnaire survey to test the hypothesised model. A total of 183 valid questionnaires were collected from managers and owners of manufacturing SMEs in Egypt. Findings: The results of the data analysis using the Smart-PLS software package revealed that among environmental pressures, only green demand had a direct effect on eco-innovation. In addition, environmental capabilities only mediated the effect of competitive pressure on eco-innovation. Originality/value: This study has been one of the few addressing the issue of how the drivers of eco-innovation interact. It has also provided the managers and owners of SMEs and policymakers with practical implications

Institutional pressure and eco-innovation: The mediating role of green absorptive capacity and strategically environmental orientation among manufacturing SMEs in Egypt

With the growing concern about climate change, businesses have been under increasing pressure from regulatory agencies and customers to implement proactive environmental practices such as eco-innovation. While environmental pressures have been extensively discussed in the literature as drivers of eco-innovation, empirical evidence on the influence of these pressures on eco-innovation behaviour remains inconsistent. Therefore, the current study essentially aims to investigate the direct effect of institutional pressures, namely, regulation, eco-friendly product demand, and competitive pressure on eco-innovation, coupled with the indirect effect of these pressures by mediating internal drivers of eco-innovation including green absorptive capacity and strategically environmental orientation among manufacturing SMEs in Egypt. Based on a sample of 176 managers and owners of these enterprises, a cross-sectional survey is conducted to collect data related to research constructs. The results of data analysis using Smart-PLS show that all external pressures are not directly associated with eco-innovation. Of the six indirect hypothesized effects, only four indirect effects are supported. The results illustrate that green absorptive capacity mediates the relationship between institutional pressure (eco-friendly product demand and competitive pressure) and eco-innovation. The results also show that strategically environmental orientation mediates the relationship between institutional pressure (regulation and competitive pressure) and eco-innovation. This study provides an in-depth understanding of firms’ responses to institutional pressures as well as the notable implications for SMEs managers, policymakers and future researchers