Impact Des Eaux Usées Et Des Aménagements Urbains Sur La Répartition Des Espèces De Culicidae (Diptera Nematocera) Dans La Ville De Meknès (Maroc)

In the Meknes region, urban and peri-urban green spaces are mainly irrigated by wastewater, whose flow has considerably increased in recent years due to the extent of urbanization. These agricultural areas along the three valleys of Bou Ishak, Boufekrane and Ouislane are an asset of the city of Meknes, but they are at the origin of the proliferation of culicidal species harmful to the urban population, especially during the summer season marked by the decrease in clear water from sources. The biotypological analysis of the breeding sites encountered in the studied perimeter, revealed the main elements that determine the distribution of culicidal species. This depends in large part on the situation of the deposits, either upstream of the discharges of the waste water or downstream of these discharges. Thus, deposits located in the southern suburbs of Meknes, upstream of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, show an important specific richness with the presence of eleven species divided into four genera. On the other hand, in the lodgings located in the urban perimeter, characterized by polluted water, we noted the predominance of two species belonging to two genera Culex and Aedes. The reduction in the specific richness of these deposits is related to the degradation of water quality, mainly due to the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater

Molecular Characterization and Study of Genetic Relationships among local Cultivars of the Moroccan fig (Ficus carica L.) using Microsatellite and ISSR Markers

Molecular characterization of Moroccan local fig (Ficus carica L.) germplasm was performed on the cultivars present in a collection of the National School of Agriculture of Meknes. A total of 22 fig samples were analysed using 7 ISSR primers and 9 loci S.S.R. A total of 54 I.S.S.R. polymorphic bands with an average of 8 per primers and 42 S.S.R. alleles with means 5 alleles per locus were revealed by these analyses. The ISSR markers allowed distinguishing 22 molecular profiles and S.S.R. loci differentiated between 21 different profiles. Pairwise Comparing, 87% of cultivars pairs were differentiated by 7 to 24 alleles and 89% by 9 to 29 ISSR bands. The statistical analysis and genetic distances have shown a wide molecular diversity in the collection, where the average observed heterozygosity was 0.42. The average similarity between cultivars is 70% using SSR markers and 71.6 for ISSR markers. The same SSR profile was obtained for Nabout1 and Nabout2 with 0 allele difference. Small differences of 1 to 6 alleles were obtained among cultivars which have the same names, which presumably corresponds to somaclonal variations obtained through intense vegetative propagation over long periods, while the differences over 7 alleles suggests the problems of homonyms

Comparative efficacy of mass trapping and attract-and-kill technique in the control of medfly (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann) in Central Moroccan peach orchards

To develop eco-friendly alternative control strategies for medfly, mass trapping trials were conducted in the central Morocco during the crop season 2016. Two control methods, mass trapping and the attract-and-kill technique were compared for the control of medfly on two peach varieties ('Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun') in Sefou district. For mass trapping, 62 traps/1.23 ha of MagnetTM Med type baited with ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, putrescine and 0.01 g of deltamethrin were installed on both varieties. In plots testing the attract-and-kill technique, treatments with malathion in mixture with protein hydrolyzate were applied to straw tuMs attached to branches of the same varieties whenever 1 fly was caught on a Trimedlure trap installed at the center of each plot. The results showed that the number of flies captured by mass trapping reached 508 and 489 adults on 'Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun', respectively. The average number varied from 1 to 3 adults/trap/day, depending on the date of capture and the variety, and females accounted for 62-100% of total caught flies. In plots protected by the attract-and-kill technique, and taking into account the threshold adopted by the farm, 11 and 15 treatments were carried out respectively on the 'Ryan Sun' and 'Rome Star' varieties. Overall, infestation rates in plots did not exceed 0.3% before or at harvest with mass trapping versus 0.9% with the attract-and-kill technique. On fruit dropped on the ground, the infestation rate did not exceed 4% in mass trapping, compared to 11.5% in the chemically treated plots. Mass trapping was therefore proved to be an effective and eco-friendly tool for managing medfly on peach fruit

From soil to host: Discovering the tripartite interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, symbiotic bacteria and insect pests and related challenges

peer reviewedEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are emerging as key agents in ecological networks, exhibiting a wide range of interactions with other biotic components, in particular their symbiotic relationships with the bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. This comprehensive study reveals their global distribution and local benefits and highlights their historical background and taxonomic grouping. The importance of the secreted compounds of EPNs in pest management is highlighted by an in-depth exploration of their potential as biocontrol agents. The complex interactions between nematodes and endosymbiotic bacteria are dissected to understand their mutualistic relationships and subsequent effects on host organisms. The strategies used by EPNs to locate, recognize, and invade hosts will be carefully analyzed to understand their pathogenic phase and the resulting immune responses elicited in insect hosts. Infection strategies employed by the EPN-bacteria complex will be examined to assess their efficacy and real-world challenges. The challenges associated with the effective use of EPNs, including environmental constraints and the need for improved efficacy, will be thoroughly investigated to propose viable solutions. This study paves the way for harnessing the biocontrol potential of EPNs and provides a robust framework for future research to improve the efficacy of EPNs in sustainable agriculture and pest management while addressing the challenges identified

Effets d'un regulateur de croissance, le fenoxycarbe, sur le developpement des larves du dernier stade de Psylla pyri L. (Homoptera : Psyllidae)

CNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc

Étude prospective de la fondation, de l’immigration et des facteurs de mortalité des colonies de pucerons noirs de l’oranger Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera : Aphididae) au nord du Gharb

Four hundred and eighty brown citrus aphid T. aurantii colonies from ten cohorts were followed and referred from middle of April to end of May in several citrus orchards in the Gharb area during 2006 et 2007 years. This pest would prefer to colonize the S1 and S2 citrus leaves stages but all other studied stages would be predisposed to be also colonized. The colonies of indeterminate foundation were the most important, followed by those founded by the apterous ones (e. g. summer colonies) and also those resulting from alatae one (e. g. spring colonies). Immigration of alates is also discussed. T. aurantii regulation factors are multiple (17 sources) and may act individually or combined. A significante difference of mortality level of T. aurantii colonies was noted and discussed between regulation's origins. Coccinellidae is the most efficient predators of T. aurantii, with A. decempunctata and i (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). Impact of beneficial such as A. decempunctata, C. septempunctata, A. decempunctata in association with C. septempunctata on aphid regulation is respectively from 5 to 48.33% ; 5 to 16.7%, and 5 to 18.33%. Impact of other regulation’s origins such as temperature and old leaves on aphid mortality is respectively from 8 to 55% and 3.33 to 40%. Others predators such as Aphidoletes Aphidimyza Rond. (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera : chrysopidae) and Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera : Syrphidae), affect also T. aurantii colonies. The impact of theses indigenous beneficial species, acting individually or with ladybird on colony survival is low, except for A. decempunctata in association with E. balteatus with a maximum of 10%.Quatre cent quatre-vingts colonies de pucerons noirs de l’oranger T. aurantii de dix cohortes ont été suivies, référencées et dénombrées de miavril à fin mai dans 10 vergers d’agrumes (Citrus spp.) de la région du Gharb durant les années 2006 et 2007. L’origine des colonies de ce ravageur qui colonise principalement certains stades des feuilles est la plupart du temps indéterminée. Cependant ces colonies peuvent être également formées par des individus aptères (surtout colonies d’été) et ailées (surtout colonies printanières). L’immigration des individus ailés a été discutée ainsi que les facteurs de régulation qui sont au nombre de 17 et agissent individuellement ou de façon conjuguée. Une différence significative du taux de régulation des colonies de T. aurantii a été notée et discutée entre les différentes origines de régulation. Les coccinelles Adalia decempunctata L. et Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) sont les prédateurs les plus efficaces contre T. aurantii. L’impact de A. decempunctata représente 5 à 48,33% de l’ensemble de la régulation, il est de 5 à 16,7% pour C. septempunctata, de 5 à 18,33% pour le couple A. decempunctata + C. septempunctata. La température et l’âge des pousses sont aussi des facteurs importants de régulation, et représentent respectivement de 8 à 55% et de 3,33 à 40% dans la limitation des colonies de T. aurantii. D’autres prédateurs affectent également les colonies de T. aurantii, tels que Aphidoletes Aphidimyza Rond. (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera : chrysopidae) et Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera : Syrphidae). L’effet de ces espèces indigènes, qui agissent individuellement ou avec les coccinelles, reste faible, excepté pour le couple A. decempunctata + E. balteatus avec un maximum de 10 %.Smaili Moulay Chrif, Blenzar Abdelali, Boutaleb Abdelmalek Joutei. Étude prospective de la fondation, de l’immigration et des facteurs de mortalité des colonies de pucerons noirs de l’oranger Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera : Aphididae) au nord du Gharb. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 35,2009. pp. 5-18