Extrato envelhecido de alho incrementa a atividade de paraoxonase 1 e suprime o estresse oxidativo em ratos intoxicados com CCl4 -

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of aged garlicextract (AGE) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in adult male rats. CCl4 intoxication (1ml/kg b.w., twice a week, i.p. for 4 weeks) significantly increased oxidative stress as indicated byincreased hepatic MDA formation, decreased both serum total and reduced glutathione contents,and inhibition of hepatic glutathione reductase and serum paraoxonase 1(POX1) activities. Inaddition, treatment with CCl4 produced a significant increase in the activities of serum ALT, ASTand albumin level with a significant decrease in total protein level. Moreover, treatment with CCl4resulted in significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides as wellas creatine kinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and a significant decrease inHDL-cholesterol compared to control group. Oral treatment with AGE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day in combination with CCl4 significantly ameliorated the severity of CCl4- induced changes inthe above mentioned parameters in a dose- dependent manner. In conclusion, the present studyindicated that AGE improves POX1 activity and attenuates liver and cardiac dysfunction inducedby CCl4. The protective effects of AGE against CCl4 toxicity may be attributed to its antioxidant andfree radical scavenging activities due to its higher contents of organosulphur compounds.O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o potencial hepatoprotetor do extrato de alhoenvelhecido (AGE) contra hepatotoxicidade induzida por CCl4 em ratos machos adultos. CCl4intoxicação (1ml/Kg no peso corporal, duas vezes por semana, ip durante 4 semanas) aumentousignificativamente o Estresse oxidativo, tal como indicado pelo aumento da formação de MDAhepática, diminuição tanto de soro total e conteúdo de glutationa, e inibição da atividade deglutationa redutase hepática e paraoxonase soro 1 (POX1 ). Além disso, o tratamento com CCl4produziu um aumento significativo nas atividades séricas de ALT, AST e nível de albumina comuma diminuição significativa no nível de proteína total. Ademais, o tratamento com CCl4 resultounum aumento significativo dos níveis de colesterol total, colesterol-LDL, triglicerídeos, bem comoisoenzima creatina quinase e atividades da lactato desidrogenase, e uma diminuição significativanos níveis de HDL-colesterol, se comparado com o grupo controle. O tratamento oral com AGE emdoses de 100 e 200 mg / kg / dia em combinação com CCl4 demonstrou melhoras significativas nagravidade das alterações de CCl4 induzidas nos parâmetros acima mencionados, de uma maneiradose-dependente. Em conclusão, o presente estudo indicou que a idade aumenta a atividadede POX1 e atenua a disfunção no fígado e no coração induzidas por CCl4. Os efeitos protetoresde idade contra a CCl4 toxicidade podem ser atribuídos aos seus antioxidantes e radicais livres,devido aos elevados teores de compostos organosulfurados

Aged garlic extract enhances paraoxonase 1 activity and suppress oxidative stress in CCl4

O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o potencial hepatoprotetor do extrato de alho envelhecido (AGE) contra hepatotoxicidade induzida por CCl4 em ratos machos adultos. CCl4 intoxicação (1ml/Kg no peso corporal, duas vezes por semana, ip durante 4 semanas) aumentou significativamente o Estresse oxidativo, tal como indicado pelo aumento da formação de MDA hepática, diminuição tanto de soro total e conteúdo de glutationa, e inibição da atividade de glutationa redutase hepática e paraoxonase soro 1 (POX1 ). Além disso, o tratamento com CCl4 produziu um aumento significativo nas atividades séricas de ALT, AST e nível de albumina com uma diminuição significativa no nível de proteína total. Ademais, o tratamento com CCl4 resultou num aumento significativo dos níveis de colesterol total, colesterol-LDL, triglicerídeos, bem como isoenzima creatina quinase e atividades da lactato desidrogenase, e uma diminuição significativa nos níveis de HDL-colesterol, se comparado com o grupo controle. O tratamento oral com AGE em doses de 100 e 200 mg / kg / dia em combinação com CCl4 demonstrou melhoras significativas na gravidade das alterações de CCl4 induzidas nos parâmetros acima mencionados, de uma maneira dose-dependente. Em conclusão, o presente estudo indicou que a idade aumenta a atividade de POX1 e atenua a disfunção no fígado e no coração induzidas por CCl4. Os efeitos protetores de idade contra a CCl4 toxicidade podem ser atribuídos aos seus antioxidantes e radicais livres, devido aos elevados teores de compostos organosulfurados.The current study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of aged garlic extract (AGE) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in adult male rats. CCl4 intoxication (1ml/ kg b.w., twice a week, i.p. for 4 weeks) significantly increased oxidative stress as indicated by increased hepatic MDA formation, decreased both serum total and reduced glutathione contents, and inhibition of hepatic glutathione reductase and serum paraoxonase 1(POX1) activities. In addition, treatment with CCl4 produced a significant increase in the activities of serum ALT, AST and albumin level with a significant decrease in total protein level. Moreover, treatment with CCl4 resulted in significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides as well as creatine kinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol compared to control group. Oral treatment with AGE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg/day in combination with CCl4 significantly ameliorated the severity of CCl4- induced changes in the above mentioned parameters in a dose- dependent manner. In conclusion, the present study indicated that AGE improves POX1 activity and attenuates liver and cardiac dysfunction induced by CCl4. The protective effects of AGE against CCl4 toxicity may be attributed to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities due to its higher contents of organosulphur compounds

Protective effect of a natural herb (Rosmarinus officinalis) against hepatotoxicity in male albino rats

The present study was conducted to study the chemoprotective effect of Egyptian rosemary extract (RE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Eight experimental groups were used as follow: (1) control; (2&3) RE alone (440 mg/kgb.w) for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively; (4) CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w, twice a week, i.p) for 4 weeks; (5&7) RE (220&440 mg/kg) for 4 weeks before CCl4 for a similar period; and (6&8) RE (220&440 mg/kg) for four weeks before CCl4 in combination with RE another four weeks. The sequential CCl4 treatment induced significant changes in serum biochemical parameters accompanied by sever histological and histochemical changes of the liver tissue, while administration of 440 mg/kg/day for either 4 or 8 weeks did not induce any changes. Administration of RE before or during the treatment with CCl4 improved all biochemical parameters and histological picture of the liver, in a dose and duration-dependant manner. It could be concluded that RE has a protective effects against hepatotoxicity.The present study was conducted to study the chemoprotective effect of Egyptian rosemary extract (RE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Eight experimental groups were used as follow: (1) control; (2&3) RE alone (440 mg/kgb.w) for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively; (4) CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w, twice a week, i.p) for 4 weeks; (5&7) RE (220&440 mg/kg) for 4 weeks before CCl4 for a similar period; and (6&8) RE (220&440 mg/kg) for four weeks before CCl4 in combination with RE another four weeks. The sequential CCl4 treatment induced significant changes in serum biochemical parameters accompanied by sever histological and histochemical changes of the liver tissue, while administration of 440 mg/kg/day for either 4 or 8 weeks did not induce any changes. Administration of RE before or during the treatment with CCl4 improved all biochemical parameters and histological picture of the liver, in a dose and duration-dependant manner. It could be concluded that RE has a protective effects against hepatotoxicity. Efeito protetor de erva natural (Rosmarinus officinalis) contrahepatotoxicidade em ratos albinos machosResumoO presente estudo foi realizado para verificar o efeito quimioprotetor do extrato de alecrim egípcio(RE) contra toxidade hepática induzida por CCl4-. Oito grupos experimentais foram utilizados, comosegue: (1) controle; (2&3) apenas RE (440 mg/kgb.w) por 4 e 8 semanas, respectivamente; (4) CCl4(1ml/kg b.w, duas vezes por semana, i.p) durante 4 semanas; (5&7) RE (220&440 mg/kg) por quatrosemanas antes de CCl4 por um período similar; e(6&8) RE (220&440 mg/kg) por quatro semanasantes de CCl4 combinado com RE por outras quatro semanas. O tratamento seqüencial de CCl4induziu mudanças significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos do soro, acompanhadas por severasmudanças histológicas e histoquímicas no tecido do fígado, enquanto que a administração de 440mg/kg/dia durante 4 ou 8 semanas não induziu nenhuma mudança. A administração de RE antesou durante o tratamento com CCl4 aumentou os parâmetros bioquímicos e histológicos do fígado,dependendo da dose e de sua duração. Pode-se concluir que RE apresenta efeito de proteçãocontra a toxidade hepática

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially