Concomitant administration of sitagliptin and rutin improve the adverse hepatic alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats, an overlook on the role of alpha smooth muscle actin

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the commonest worldwide metabolic conditions, recognized to persuade oxidant/antioxidant discrepancies. Sitagliptin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic remedy that blocks dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). Rutin is a polyphenolic natural flavonoid which owns antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity. The aim of the present work is to elucidate the concomitant effect of Sitagliptin and rutin on the deleterious alterations in the liver of experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Materials and methods: 50 adult male albino rats, weighing 170-200 g were used. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10).  Group 1 (control group), the other 4 groups (Groups II, III, IV and V) received a single i.p. injection of STZ, 65 mgKg-1 body weight to induce diabetes; group II (diabetic), group III (diabetic and rutin administered), group IV (diabetic and sitagliptin administered), and group V (diabetic with sitagliptin and rutin concomitantly administered).  H&E, masson trichrome, PAS, immune-histochemical; α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), histomorphometric analysis, liver enzymes and  oxidatants / anti-oxidatants; malondialdehyde (MDA)/ glutathione (GSH) and were done. Results: Distorted hepatic architecture, dilatation, congestion of sinusoids and central veins as well as cytoplasmic vacuolations were remarkable changes in the diabetic group. There was extravasation of blood, diffuse fibrous tissue formation, increase in the mean values of liver enzymes, oxidative markers and α-SMA expression in the same group. The aforementioned changes were ameliorated in groups III and IV. Concomitant administration of sitagliptin and rutin resulted in marked enhancement of these hepatic alterations. Conclusions: Combination of sitagliptin and rutin has an ameliorating effect on the hepatic deterioration induced by diabetes, which   is better than either sitagliptin or rutin alone

Sinteza i protuupalno, analgetsko i ulcerogeno djelovanje derivata tieno[2,3-d]pirimidina

5-Methyl-6-phenyl-2-thioxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidone derivative (2) reacted with hydrazonoyl chloride derivatives to afford triazolothienopyrimidones 4a-f. Also, acetone-1-(2-amino-5-isopropyl-thiophene-3-carbonitrile) (3) reacted with functional and bifunctional groups to yield the corresponding compounds 5-11. The new products showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ulcerogenic activities comparable to that of indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid, respectively.Reakcijom derivata 5-metil-6-fenil-2-tioksotieno[2,3-d]pirimidona (2) s hidrazonoil kloridima dobiveni su triazolotienopirimidoni 4a-f, a reakcijom aceton-1-(2-amino-5-izopropil-tiopen-3-karbonitrila (3) s funkcionalnim i bifunkcionalnim spojevima dobiveni su produkti 511. Novi spojevi imaju slično protuupalno, analgetsko i ulcerogeno djelovanje kao i indometacin, odnosno acetilsalicilna kiselina

Application of a structured decision‐making process in cryospheric hazard planning: Case study of Bering Glacier surges on local state planning in Alaska

Surging glaciers are glaciers that experience rapidly accelerated glacier flow over a comparatively short period of time. Though relatively rare worldwide, Alaska is home to the largest number of surge-type glaciers globally. However, their impact on the broader socioecological system in the state is both poorly understood and under-researched, which poses a challenge in developing appropriate sustainability decisions in Alaska. We investigated how the surge patterns of the Bering Glacier in Alaska have potentially devastating effects on the local ecological biodiversity of its watershed via a structured decision-making analysis of the different possible consequences. Specifically, this analysis was conducted to explore the various outcomes of a Bering Glacier surge particularly if humans have an increased presence near the glacier due to the area potentially becoming a state park. This work explored the benefits of applying a risk and decision analytical framework in a cryosphere context, to better understand the socioeconomic impact of glacier surges. This is a novel approach in which a decision analysis tool was used to better understand an environmental sustainability challenge, offering an innovative method to support the achievement of the United Nations Sustainability Development Goals in Alaska. We therefore emphasise the need for integrated biophysical and socioeconomic analyses when it comes to understanding glacier hazards. Our research highlights the importance of understanding and researching biophysical changes as well as using a structured decision-making process for complicated hazard planning scenarios, exemplified via glaciated regions in Alaska, in order to create adaptation strategies that are sustainable and encompass the range of possible outcomes

cis-1-Ethyl-4,4,6,8-tetra­methyl-2-tosyl-2,3,3a,4,6,7,8,9-octa­hydro-1H-pyrrolo[3′,4′:3,4]pyrano[6,5-d]pyrimidine-7,9-dione

In the title compound, C22H29N3O5S, the pyrrolidine ring is cis-fused to the dihydro­pyran ring. The pyrrolidine and dihydro­pyran rings adopt twist and half-chair conformations, respectively. The mol­ecule is in a folded conformation; the sulfonyl-bound benzene ring lies over the pyrimidine­dione ring, with a weak π–π inter­action [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6147 (4) Å]. A weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

The SIMS trial:adjustable anchored single-incision mini-slings versus standard tension-free midurethral slings in the surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence. A study protocol for a pragmatic, multicentre, non-inferiority randomised controlled trial

This is a UK Collaborative Study funded by the NIHR Evaluation, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme — Funder Number 12/127/157.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Wild mammals in the Gaza Strip, with particular reference to Wadi Gaza

Mammalian fauna are considered good indicators of the degree of anthropogenic disturbance to the various ecosystems. Many mammalian species disappeared in the Gaza Strip during the last 5-6 decades and no efforts have been made to stop such disappearance. The present work aims at surveying the remnant wild mammals in the Gaza Strip; particularly in Wadi Gaza as a natural area. A total number of 15 mammalian species belonging to 5 orders and 11 families were recorded. Most mammalian species were of small sizes and residents. Seven disappeared mammalian species were mentioned by locals. The causes of disappearance were mostly anthropogenic and included the limited area of the Gaza Strip, over-population, residential and agricultural encroachment on the expense of natural areas and the over-exploitation of natural resources of which hunting was and stills a common practice threatening wildlife. The Israeli Occupation is still adversely affecting wildlife ecology in the area. Finally, the authors recommend improving cooperation of different parties to enhance the public awareness and to implement environmental laws and legislations to conserve nature and to protect wildlife

Algorithmic aspects of theory blending

In Cognitive Science, conceptual blending has been proposed as an important cognitive mechanism that facilitates the creation of new concepts and ideas by constrained combination of available knowledge. It thereby provides a possible theoretical foundation for modeling high-level cognitive faculties such as the ability to understand, learn, and create new concepts and theories. This paper describes a logic-based framework which allows a formal treatment of theory blending, discusses algorithmic aspects of blending within the framework, and provides an illustrating worked out example from mathematics