The measurement of the quercetin of different parts of Tribulus terrestris by HPLC

Background and aims: Tribulus terrestris fruit, leaf, and root have medical effects in the treatment of cancer, viral infections and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was aimed to evaluate the quercetin flavonoid levels from different parts of the Tribulus terrestris collected from different regions of Khuzestan in 2014. Methods: In this experimental study, four parts of the Tribulus terrestris including; fruits, leaves, stems and roots were collected from different regions of Khuzestan including Shushtar, Mollasani and Andimeshk. The analysis was carried out to compare the chemical profile of the different extracts of Tribulus terrorists using reverse phase HPLC with UV detector. The mobile phase that consisted of phosphoric acid buffer with pH=3 and acetonitrile was used for isocratic elution. The flow rate was adjusted to 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was at 203 nm. All separations were performed at ambient temperature. Results: The results reported that the quercetin flavonoid level were highest in the Andimeshk leaves samples (69.57427 ppm). However, the Andimeshk fruits samples (4.141953 ppm) have the lowest levels of the quercetin flavonoid. Conclusion: Considering the cost effectiveness in extracting compounds from medicinal plants, it is recommended to identify the highest level of the quercetin flavonoid in each region and in each part of the plant

Extraction and measurement of the Quercetin flavonoid of Prosopis farcta in Khouzestan climatic condition

Background and aims: Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for flavonoids extraction. Prosopis fracta is one of the plants with medicinal properties. Prosopis fracta was found in abundance in southern regions in Iran. Coersetin is medicinal substance found in the fruit of this plant. Quercetin is used in treatment of cancer and viral infections. This study was conducted to determine the Quercetin flavonoid in Prosopis fracta samples in different regions of Khuzestan. Methods: The Prosopis fracta fruit collected from different regions of Khuzestan (Susangerd, Ahvaz, Abadan, Mollasani, Behbahan and Ramhormoz). The beads were isolated from the fruit. Shell and the flesh were dried in an Oven. The dried materials were mixed and flavonoids extracted with a suitable solvent. The extract was injected into the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system. Then, the compound, Quercetin quantity and standard peak in each sample have been determined. Results: Based on the results, the Susangerd samples (0.0033 mg/ml) and Abadan (0.0008 mg/ml) have maximum and minimum levels of Quercetin flavonoid, respectively. Conclusions: Quercetin flavonoid extracted from Prosopis farcta fruits of Susangerd is richer than other regions of Khuzestan province. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Prosopis fracta fruit grown in Susangerd for extraction of the Quercetin flavonoid

Evaluation of Impact of Overweight BMI, High Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, Elevated SBP and High Pulse Rate on Cognitive Ability of Undergraduates Medical Students

Introduction: Cognitive abilities have been the focus of behavior investigations for decades. Cognitive impairment share many common risk factors, such as hypertension, elevated cholesterol, hyperglycemia, and obesity are all associated with longitudinal declines in cognitive function and dementia. Several study’s analyzed the link between cholesterol levels and the development of dementia. Studys suggest that high levels of a specific sort of cholesterol (HDL) in blood wore associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. As well as high cholesterol also plays a role in the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides, which accelerates the development of cognitive impairment. We investigated correlation and impact of high TG, TC, Overweight BMI, Elevated SBP and High pulse rate on cognitive abilities from 386 participants on 59 top 10 undergraduate medical students. Objective: This study aimed to determine and evaluate the correlation and impact of high TG, TC, Overweight BMI, and Elevated SBP factors on cognitive abilities of top 10 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad Shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province of Afghanistan.  Method and Materials: It is prospective descriptive cross sectional study, on 59 top 10 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad Shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province from 2023/ Oct / 12 to 2023/ Nov / 02. The including parameters were TG, TC, BMI, SBP and Pulse rate of all 386 participants under study that recorded in computer special format. TG, TC, BMI, SBP and Pulse rate are done by special regents, micro lab and cardiomonetor. Recorded findings processing, comparison and evaluation results have been identified by IBM SPSS-23 version.      Results: The study was conducted during (20) days on 386 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province. Initially we described all male participants according to age. At the current study all male participants were with (mean age: 23.14 ± 3.68; range: 20-45 years). All participants of this study were from all (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th) classes. Statistic description of all participants, according to TG, TC, BMI, SBP and Pulse rate shows that Normal healthy TG range˂150mg/dL: was more low 3(0.78%). Borderline TG = 150-199mg/dL; was more prevalent 306(79.27%) and High TG level =200-499mg/dL; was 77(19.94%). The normal healthy TC range˂150mg/dL: was more low 3(0.78%). Borderline TC = 150-199mg/dL; was more prevalent 306(79.27%) and High TC level =200-499mg/dL; was 77(19.94%). The Healthy weight range BMI= (18.5-24.9) was 219(56.74%). Overweight range BMI (25.0-29.9) was 114(29.53%). Obese range BMI≥ (30.0) was 29(7.51%) and underweight ˂18.5: was 23(5.96%). The normal SBP= (120-139mmHg) was 374(96.89%), Elevated SBP≥ (140 mmHg) was 12(3.11%). The normal range of pulse rate (60-100bpm) was 353(91.45%). Bradycardia˂ (60bpm) was 6(1.55%) and tachycardia> (100bpm) was 27(7.0%). In the second part of this study we described all above parameters in the group of all 59 top 10 participants students for comparative outcomes. Statistic description of 59 top 10 participants, according to Age, TG, TC, BMI, SBP and Pulse rate shows that at the current study top 10  participants were with (mean age 23.40± 2.78; range: 18-32 years). Normal healthy TG range˂150mg/dL: was 0(0%). Borderline TG = 150-199mg/dL; was more prevalent 54(91.53%) and High TG level =200-499mg/dL; was 5(8.47). The normal healthy TC range˂150mg/dL: was more prevalent 55(93.22%). Borderline TC = 150-199mg/dL; was low 4(6.78%) and High TC level =200-499mg/dL; was 0(0%). The Healthy weight range BMI= (18.5-24.9) was 33(55.93%). Overweight range BMI (25.0-29.9) was 18(30.51%), obese range BMI≥ (30.0) was 5(8.47%) and underweight ˂18.5: was 3(5.08%). The normal SBP= (120-139mmHg) was more prevalent 57(96.61%), Elevated SBP≥ (140 mmHg) was low 2(3.39%). The normal range of pulse rate (60-100bpm) was 49(83.05%).Bradycardia˂ (60bpm) was 1(1.69%) and tachycardia> (100bpm) was 9(15.25%). Pearson correlation between SBP and Weight is at the 0.01 level significant, (P<0.01). Pearson correlation between DBP and Pulse rate is at the 0.01 level significant, (P<0.00). Pearson correlation between TC and Weight is at the 0.05 level significant, (P<0.02). Pearson correlation between TG and Roll number is at the 0.01 level significant, (P<0.01). Pearson correlation between SBP and Roll number is at the 0.05 level significant, (P<0.04). Pearson correlation between Height and BMI is at the 0.01 level significant, (P=0.00). Pearson correlation between Weight and BMI is at the 0.01 level significant, (P=0.00). Pearson correlation between SBP and BMI is at the 0.01 level significant, (P=0.00). Conclusion: Overall, findings of our study indicated that, high TG, TC, Overweight range BMI, and elevated SBP have significant correlation with cognitive ability of undergraduated students. However, this issue needs to further investigations to confirm these findings

Evaluation of Impact of Low Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH on Cognitive Ability of Undergraduated Medical Students

Introduction: Low concentrations of hemoglobin or anemia can contribute chronic brain hypoxia and reduced aerobic capacity, thus increasing the risk of dementia or cognitive decline. From the clinical point of view, brain ischemia is a known risk factor of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. We investigated correlation and impact of low Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH on cognitive abilities from 386 participants on 59 top 10 undergraduate medical students. Objective: This study aimed to determine and evaluate the correlation and impact of low Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH on cognitive abilities of 59 top 10 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad Shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province of Afghanistan. Method and Materials: It is prospective descriptive cross sectional study, on 59 top 10 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad Shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province from 2023/ Oct / 12 to 2023/ Nov / 02. The including parameters were Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH of all 386 participants under study that recorded in computer special format. Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH are done by special regents and micro lab. Recorded findings processing, comparison and evaluation results have been identified by IBM SPSS-23 version.     Results: The study was conducted during (20) days on 386 undergraduated medical students in Ahmad shah Abdali Higher Education Institute of Khost province. Initially we described all male participants according to age. At the current study all male participants were with (mean age: 23.14 ± 3.68; range: 20-45 years). All participants of this study were from all (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th) classes. Statistic description of all participants, according to Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH shows that normal range of Hb level for male (14-16.6g/dl) was more prevalent 301(77.97). Low level of Hb for male (Low ˂ 13.5g/dl) was 19(4.92) and high level of Hb for male (High > 16.6g/dl) was 66(17.09).The normal range of MCV (80-95%) was 327(84.71), low range (Low ˂80) was 54(13.98) and high range (High>95%) was 5(1.29).The normal range of MCHC (32-36%) was 370(95.85), low range (Low ˂ 32) was 15(3.88) and high range (High>36%) was 1(0.25).The normal range of MCH (23-31%) was 322(83.41), low range (Low ˂ 23) was 19(4.92) and high range (High>31%) was 5(11.65). In the second part of this study we described all above parameters in the group of all 59 top 10 participants students for comparative outcomes. Statistic description of 59 top 10 participants, according to Age, Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH shows that at the current study top 10  participants were with (mean age 23.40± 2.78; range: 18-32 years). Normal range of Hb level for male (14-16.6g/dl) was 43(72.88). Low level of Hb for male (Low ˂ 13.5g/dl) was 2(3.38) and high level of Hb for male (High > 16.6g/dl) was 14(23.72). The normal range of MCV (80-95%) was 51(86.44), low range (Low ˂80) was 8(13.55) and high range (High>95%) was 0(0). The normal range of MCHC (32-36%) was 57(96.61), low range (Low ˂ 32) was 2(3.38) and high range (High>36%) was 0(0).The normal range of MCH (23-31%) was 50(84.74), low range (Low ˂ 23) was 2(3.38) and high range (High>31%) was 7(11.86).Pearson correlation between Hb and MCV is at the 0.01 level significant, (P<0.00). Conclusion: Overall, findings of our study indicated that, low Hb, MCV, MCHC and MCH have significant correlation with cognitive ability of undergraduated students. However, this issue needs to further investigations to confirm these findings

Гигантские аденомы гипофиза, алгоритм выбора метода лечения: хирургическое, медикаментозное, радиологическое

This article focuses on the giant pituitary adenomas. Various methods of treating a disease and diagnostic options are considered. Clinical examination alone is not enough for diagnosing this disease. It is necessary to use neuroimaging method, which makes it possible to determine the extent of the spread of the tumor, the characteristics of its location in relation to the chiasm. Surgical method is the absolute method of choice for treating giant adenoma of the pituitary gland, other methods are used in particular cases or as an adjuvant. There is no single surgical strategy for managing this disease, this applies to tumors that are larger than 4 cm in diameter.Данная статья посвящена теме: «Гигантские аденомы гипофиза». В ней будут рассмотрены различные методы лечения заболевания и варианты его диагностики. Одного только клинического обследования при установке данного заболевания недостаточно, необходимо использовать метод нейровизуализации, который дает возможность определения степени распространения опухоли, особенностей расположения ее относительно хиазмы. Абсолютным методом выбора лечения гигантских аденом гипофиза является хирургический. Другие методы применяют в частных случаях или как вспомогательное средство. Единого алгоритма хирургической стратегии ведения данного заболевания нет, это касается опухолей, размер которых превышает в диаметре 4 см

The impact of extra virgin olive oil on primary dysmenorrhea in comparison to the ibuprofen

The chemical treatments of primary dysmenorrhea have some side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Extra Virgin olive oil and Ibuprofen for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea among female students. Materials and Methods: In a single blinded crossover clinical trial, female single students 17-30 years old, moderate and sever primary dysmenorrhea were enrolled to the study. Chronic disease, allergies, pelvic or abdominal surgery, stressors in the past two months, irregular menstrual cycles, use of oral contraceptives during 3 months ago were excluded from the study. Screening for primary dysmenorrhea was done by a visual analog scale. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The participants were followed up for 5 menstruation cycles. The subjects in group 1 took 25 cc of extra virgin olive oil daily for 2 months (starting two weeks before the start of the menstruation cycle) and completed a questionnaire containing items on pain visual analogue scale for two consecutive cycles. After a 4-week washout period they received 400 mg Ibuprofen three times a day in the first 3 days of menstruation. Group 2 was treated basically similarly, except that they received Ibuprofen during the two first cycle and extra virgin olive oil during the two second cycle. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics, t-test and linear mixed models. The pain severity difference was significant before and after intervention in both groups. The pain severity decreased to 3.8 ± 2.2 after intervention in Ibuprofen group and 1.1 ± 0.8 after intervention in Extra Virgin olive oil group. There was a significant difference in pain severity between the two groups after the intervention (P= 0.001). The Extra Virgin olive oil is effective in primary dysmenorrhea. It is recommended as a food supplement

Nasal Cerebrospinal Leaks in the Milieu of COVID-19 Pandemic

Background The unintentional ingestion of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the respiratory tract is known as aspiration. Rhinorrhea can cause aspiration pneumonia (cerebrospinal fluid leakage)

Internal Carotid Artery Injury in Transsphenoidal Surgery: Tenets for Its Avoidance and Refit—A Clinical Study

One of the most serious/potentially fatal complications of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is internal carotid artery (ICA) injury. Of 6230 patients who underwent TSS, ICA injury occurred in 8 (0.12%). The etiology, possible treatment options, and avoidance of ICA injury were analyzed. ICA injury occurred at two different stages: (1) during the exposure of the sella floor and dural incision over the sella and cavernous sinus and (2) during the resection of the cavernous sinus extension of the tumor. The angiographic collateral blood supply was categorized as good, sufficient, and nonsufficient to help with the decision making for repairing the injury. ICA occlusion with a balloon was performed at the injury site in two cases, microcoils in two patients, microcoils plus a single barrel extra-intracranial high-flow bypass in one case, stent grafting in one case, and no intervention in two cases. The risk of ICA injury diminishes with better preoperative preparation, intraoperative navigation, and ultrasound dopplerography. Reconstructive surgery for closing the defect and restoring the blood flow to the artery should be assessed depending on the site of the injury and the anatomical features of the ICA

Internal Carotid Artery Injury in Transsphenoidal Surgery: Tenets for Its Avoidance and Refit—A Clinical Study

One of the most serious/potentially fatal complications of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is internal carotid artery (ICA) injury. Of 6230 patients who underwent TSS, ICA injury occurred in 8 (0.12%). The etiology, possible treatment options, and avoidance of ICA injury were analyzed. ICA injury occurred at two different stages: (1) during the exposure of the sella floor and dural incision over the sella and cavernous sinus and (2) during the resection of the cavernous sinus extension of the tumor. The angiographic collateral blood supply was categorized as good, sufficient, and nonsufficient to help with the decision making for repairing the injury. ICA occlusion with a balloon was performed at the injury site in two cases, microcoils in two patients, microcoils plus a single barrel extra-intracranial high-flow bypass in one case, stent grafting in one case, and no intervention in two cases. The risk of ICA injury diminishes with better preoperative preparation, intraoperative navigation, and ultrasound dopplerography. Reconstructive surgery for closing the defect and restoring the blood flow to the artery should be assessed depending on the site of the injury and the anatomical features of the ICA