Identifikasi dan uji Bioaktivitas Lupeol dan Marmin yang dipisahkan dari Korteks Aegle Marmelos

ABSTRACT: Aegle marmelos Corr.(Rutaceae) mempunyai nama daerah Maja (Jawa), digunakan sebagai tanama obat tradisional. Pada penelitian sebelumnya korteks Aeglemarmelos Corr.diektraksi dengan pelarut petroleum eter, sehingga diperoleh senyawa triterpen dan campuran stigmasterol dan sitosterol. Pada penelitian ini serbuk kering korteks Maja yang telah diekstraksi dengan petrolium eter diekstrasi kembali dengan pelarut kloroform. Senyawa yang terkandung diadalam ekstrakkloroform dipisahkan dengan metode kolom kromatografi vakum dan dilanjutkan dengan kolom kromatografi graviti. Struktur molekul senyawa yang diperoleh ditentukan dengan spektroskopi UV,IR,Masa dan RMI 2-Dimensi. Uji bioktivitas dilakukan dengan uji antimikroba dan sitotoksik. Kata kunci: Lupeol, marmin, uji bioaktivitas, korteks Aegle marmelo

Determining the best practicable control technology and its associated emission levels for Iron and Steel industry in Iran

Industrial effluent limitations should be established regarding the special characteristics of each sector with emphasis given to the local context, whereas, in Iran, a uniform “Wastewater Effluent Standard” is employed throughout the country in which no specific industrial effluent limitations have been considered. This gap highlights the essential need for a transparent and scientifically proven methodology for determining effluent emission limit values (ELVs) at the sector level. In this research, an integrated approach is proposed based on the application of the Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) concept. The modelling framework includes a series of sequential steps comprising two main sections: 1. identifying the effluent emission datasets, and 2. computing the emission levels associated with the BPT (BPT-AELs). To identify the datasets, the methodology follows two different procedures: 1. a detailed analysis of the environmental performance of this sector in the country to determine the plants reflecting BPT, and 2. screening their emission datasets through statistical analysis. The Best Available Techniques (BAT) principle is employed as a reference element for determining the best representative plants, and the results indicate that corrective measures in accordance with the BAT considerations should be implemented in many of the plants under consideration. The comparison of the derived BPT-AELs with the existing standards show that they are mainly lower than the standard levels and are reasonable estimations for the involved parameters. Conclusively, this methodology presents a reliable and practical stepwise process at the sector level, which can be developed for other industries

High solid anaerobic co-digestion of household organic waste with cow manure for mass and energy recovery

This paper describes a batch study on four different mixture ratios of household organic waste and cow manure. The biomethane potential test is used to evaluate the suitability of high solid anaerobic co-digestion of household organic waste and cow manure and its biodegradability. The maximum methane yield was observed for both co-digestions in R3 (247 mL/g VS) and R4 (244 mL/g VS). The percentages of mass recovery were 65-80% (based on VS removal). The biodegradability of each reactor was recorded as 97.7%, 10.7%,71.6% and 76.8% for R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. High solid co-digestion of household organic waste and cow manure in different mixture ratios increase the specific methane yields compared to mono-digestion. Hence, this clearly demonstrates a synergistic effect on the stability of anaerobic digestion. Upon correcting the results of the theoretical method with experimental data, an agreement ranged 70-90% was achieved

Immunomodulatory effects of damnacanthal isolated from roots of Morinda elliptica

Morinda elliptica Ridley (Rubiaceae) has been used traditionally as a medicine to treat various diseases in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. In the present study we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of damnacanthal isolated from the roots of Morinda elliptica. The immunomodulatory effect of this compound was evaluated by using the lymphocyte proliferation assay with mouse thymocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, the effect of the compound on PBMC cell cycle progression was studied by using flow cytometry. The production of human interleukin-2 and human inteleukin-12 cytokines was also assessed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The lymphocyte proliferation assay showed that damnacanthal was able to activate mouse thymocytes and PBMC at a low concentration (0.468 μg/mL). Moreover, the production of human interleukin-2 and human interleukin-12 cytokines in the culture supernatant from damnacanthal activated lymphocytes was markedly up-regulated at 24 h and sustained until 72 h with a slight decrease with time. A positive correlation was found between the level of these two cytokines and the MTT-based proliferation assay. Based on the above results, damnacanthal can act as an immunomodulatory agent which may be very useful for maintaining a healthy immune system

Cytotoxic effect of damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal, zerumbone and betulinic acid isolated from Malaysian plant sources

The present study was to evaluate the toxicity of damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal, betulinic acid and zerumbone isolated from local medicinal plants towards leukemia cell lines and immune cells by using MTT assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. The results showed that damnacanthal significantly inhibited HL-60 cells, CEM-SS and WEHI-3B with the IC50 value of 4.0 μg/mL, 8.0 μg/mL and 3.3 μg/mL, respectively. Nordamnacanthal and betulinic acid showed stronger inhibition towards CEM-SS and HL-60 cells with the IC50 value of 5.7 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, Zerumbone was demonstrated to be more toxic towards those leukemia cells with the IC50 value less than 10 μg/mL. Damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal and betulinic acid were not toxic towards 3T3 and PBMC compared to doxorubicin which showed toxicity effects towards 3T3 and PBMC with the IC50 value of 3.0 μg/mL and 28.0 μg/mL, respectively. The cell cycle analysis exhibited that damnacanthal exerted its toxicity effect towards HL-60 cells by inducing apoptosis with value of 25% after 72 hours treatment. Thus, these compounds could be the potential anticancer drug with less toxic side effect

Determination of radical scavenging activity and vitamin A, C and E in organically grown red pitaya (Hylocereus sp.)

This study was conducted to determine radical scavenging activity and vitamin antioxidant composition in red pitaya from organic plantation. For antioxidant vitamins analysis, a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used and radical scavenging activity of methanolic and water extract were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pircrylhydrazyl assay. Results for radical scavenging activity, red pitaya methanolic extract achieved the highest percentage 70.13% compared with water extract (47.13%). Antioxidant vitamins composition in red pitaya showed that the concentration of vitamin A is 120.13 ± 0.69 μg/100 g freeze-dried sample, vitamin C is 540.27 ± 0.59 μg/100 g fresh samples and vitamin E is 105.67 ± 0.56 μg/100 g freeze-dried samples. This shows that red pitaya may become an alternative and potential source of natural antioxidant

Hypocholesterolemic effect of red pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) on hypercholesterolemia induced rats

This study was carried out to evaluate the total phenolic content and anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of red pitaya, and hypocholesterolemic effect of red pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) on lipid profiles status on hypercholesterolemia induced rats. From the analysis, total phenolic content in red pitaya is 46.06 ± 1.77 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight and antioxidant activity is 76.10% using FTC method. TBA analysis also showed red pitaya extract had high antioxidant effect (72.90%). An in-vivo study also showed red pitaya has hypocholesterolemic effect on induced hypercholesterolemia rats. After 11 weeks of study, total blood cholesterol significant decrease (p<0.05) in the groups supplement with red pitaya. The total cholesterol (TC) level for group PF1 were reduced from 3.356 mmol/L to 1.707 mmol/L (49.14%), group PF2 reduced from 3.435 mmol/L to 1.487 mmol/L (56.72%) and group PF3 reduced from 3.448 mmol/L to 1.412 mmol/L (59.06%) as compare to baseline respectively. The mean total cholesterol level in both negative (N – 5.12%) and positive controls (group HC – 13.79%) were not significantly different (p<0.05). The mean triglycerides (TG) level for all groups had shown a reduction (p<0.05) with value of 23.87% (group N), 22.674% (group HC), 42.81% (group PF1), 52.82% (group PF2) and 59.52% (group PF3) as compare to baseline levels. The mean HDL level increased by about 2.12% (group N), 19.31% (group PF1), 21.93% (group PF2) and much higher increase in group PF3 (34.42%). The mean LDL decreased by about 39.06% (PF3), 15.10% (PF2), 1.50% (PF1) and 4.33% (group N). The positive control has showed significantly increase with the mean value for 25.68%. In conclusion, all groups that received red pitaya supplementation has high antioxidant properties and showed a good results in managing of lipid profile. It was suggested that the consumption of red pitaya demonstrated the potential to reduce dyslipidemia and play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

The application of hybrid model for identifying and ranking indicators for assessing the sustainability of waste water treatment systems

This paper proposes a combination of the Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) as an efficient tool for dealing with complex decision-making problems and to prove that integrating the Fuzzy Delphi and FAHP modeling is an objective and practical process. The application of these methods allows a large amount of information to be aggregated in a rigorous manner. The suggested fuzzy set theory helps to represent the uncertainty and vagueness of human’s subjective thinking process in dealing with decision problems. This hybrid approach enables decision-makers to evaluate priorities more efficiently and objectively and make the decision process more reliable. Therefore, the main goal of the present research is to develop this decision support approach to identify the key evaluation criteria and indicators in the process of selecting industrial wastewater treatment technology (WTT) from a sustainability perspective based on expert opinion and questionnaires. Since a realistic evaluation needs to be conducted in an actual condition, Iran’s steel industry was selected as the case study. In this research, based on the findings of the literature review and Fuzzy Delphi method screening, several evaluation criteria and indicators are identified. Then, the FAHP is employed to examine their relationships under a hierarchy structure and to determine their weights and priorities. The findings of this paper can be applied as a reference for the steel industry in decision-making for the selection of the optimal wastewater treatment technology. In addition, other industries can apply this feasible and practical approach in their decision-making process with respect to their differences in capacities, limitations, wastewater characteristics and local conditions

Survival of bifidobacteria and other selected intestinal bacteria in TPY medium supplemented with curcumin as assessed in vitro

The growth of two Bifidobacterium strains (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4) and other selected intestinal bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei shirota, Enterococcus faecalis JCM 5803 and Escherichia coli K-12) were studied in TPY medium containing various concentrations of curcumin (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.1% (w/v). Viable cell counts of the bacteria and their respective pH medium were determined during incubation period of 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h incubated at 37°C. In the presence of curcumin, cultures showed various degrees of growth inhibition compared to in TPY medium without curcumin. E. faecalis and B. longum BB536 were survived better than the other bacteria tested. Among the bacteria tested, L. acidophilus recorded the most sensitive to curcumin. The presence of curcumin did not change the pH of the medium as compared to the basal TPY. The ability of the bacteria to degrade curcumin after 48h incubation was studied using spectrophotometric method measured at 400.4 nm wavelength. The overall percentage reduction of 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.1% of curcumin by the bacteria tested was 56-60, 18-24, 15-16 and 12-14, respectively

Effects of palm oil derived tocotrienol rich fraction and vitamin e isomers on biomarkers of early atherogenesis in stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF), α-TOC, and pure TCT isomers (α-. γ- & δ-TCT) on inflammation, endothelial activation, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and monocyte binding activity (MBA) in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with various concentrations of α-TOC, pure TCT isomers and TRF (0.3-10 μM) together with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 16 h. Culture medium and cells were collected and measured for the protein and gene expression of IL-6, TNF-α, NFκB, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, e-selectin, and eNOS. Monocyte binding activity (MBA) was measured by Rose Bengal staining. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis revealed that TRF and pure TCT particularly γ- and δ- isomers, showed better inhibition of inflammation and endothelial activation, MBA and greater eNOS increment than α-TOC. These suggest that TRF and pure TCT isomers have potential as preventive anti-atherogenic agents by attenuating the release of early biomarkers of atherogenesis which is better than α-TOC in LPS-stimulated human endothelial cells