Optimization of arecoline extraction from areca nut using supercritical carbon dioxide.

The mass transfer of arecoline using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) from areca nut is studied by analyzing the diffusion coefficient derived from Crank equation for sphere model. Comparisons of the SC-CO2 extracted yield under various conditions showed that the combination of pressure at 10.3 MPa and temperature of 50°C provided the optimum condition for extraction, followed by extraction at 40°C and 25.6 MPa. From the diffusion coefficient analysis, the optimum conditions also gave the highest coefficients. It was found that the yield is directly proportional to the values of the coefficients. Key words: areca nut, arecoline, supercritical carbon dioxide, mass transfer, modelin

Researcher’s perspectives on halal supply chain management: definition and methodology

The Halal Industry is still in the stage of development and empowerment practices. The efforts to conduct the way forward in compliance with Islamic perspective (Shariah Laws) and desirable and necessary along the world. One of the problems facing the global halal industry is the lack of recognition halal certified products are viewed by Muslims as a mark of quality by the different halal certification bodies. With the diverse increasing demand towards halal food throughout the world but the integration of halal practices into supply chain processes in the under lacking coverage. The objective of this paper is to give a basic information in the definition of halal from the Shariah perspective and the researcher’s methodology used in their past research. The references from this desktop working research are allocate from the past research on halal supply chain management. By having the clear definition and methodology, the paper will conclude the easy way for others researcher to get clear understanding about the definition of halal and the other method using in the future studies

Diuretic activity of roots from Carica papaya L. and Ananas comosus L.

Water extracts of Carica papaya and Ananas comosus extracts were administered orally at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg to Spraque Dawley rats. Two other groups were given commercial diuretics, furosemide and hydrochlorthiazide at 10 mg/kg. Urine volume, urine pH, urine density and urine electrolytes were determined every hour for 4 hours. Blood was taken to determine the serum level of glucose, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Both, C. papaya and A. comosus extracts exhibited moderate to potent diuretic activity. C. papaya extract increased the 4-hour urine volume when administered at both 5 and 10 mg/kg. A. comosus extracts increased urine volume only at 10 mg/kg dose. Na+ and Cl- elimination was unchanged for the whole period of study. However, the 4-hour urinary excretions of K+ were significantly increased for both plant extracts. Both plant extracts induced increment of serum BUN and creatinine level significantly when compared to controls (p<0.05) but these levels were still within the normal range. Blood glucose level and albumin were not significantly for both plant extract. In conclusion, both plants investigated had diuretic activity and roots of C. papaya activity were statistically similar potency to the activity of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. However, care must be taken when using these herbs as increased urinary K+ being excreted and marginal increase of serum BUN and creatinine were detected

Optimization of arecoline extraction from areca nut using supercritical carbon dioxide.

The mass transfer of arecoline using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) from areca nut is studied by analyzing the diffusion coefficient derived from Crank equation for sphere model. Comparisons of the SC-CO2 extracted yield under various conditions showed that the combination of pressure at 10.3 MPa and temperature of 50°C provided the optimum condition for extraction, followed by extraction at 40°C and 25.6 MPa. From the diffusion coefficient analysis, the optimum conditions also gave the highest coefficients. It was found that the yield is directly proportional to the values of the coefficients

A randomized, doubled-blind study comparing multiple doses of Channa striatus supplementation for knee osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of chronic disability at older age. Channa striatus (CS) is a freshwater fish that is traditionally valued for its medicinal properties in promoting wound healing and reducing post-operative pain. This study evaluate the efficacy of different doses of oral Channa striatus extract on primary knee osteoarthritis patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-arm trial was conducted comparing oral CS extract 1000 mg/day or 500 mg/day and placebo among knee OA patients for a 6-month intervention period. The main outcome measures were Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), analgesic scores and serum cartilage oligomeric matric protein (COMP). Laboratory-based blood tests were used as safety measures. A total of 120 patients were randomized, and 112 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Significant reductions in WOMAC stiffness and function scores were achieved at month 6 in CS 1000 mg/day and CS 500 mg/day compared to placebo groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of analgesic scores, serum COMP and biochemical parameters. No serious adverse events were reported in the study. In conclusion, both doses of CS showed similar efficacy and were more effective than the placebo in treating the symptoms of knee OA

Hard cocoa butter replacers from mango seed fat and palm stearin

The blending effects of mango seed fat (MSF), extracted using supercritical fluid, and palm stearin (PS) to formulate hard cocoa butter replacers (CBRs), were investigated. The triglycerides (TG), thermal properties and solid fat content (SFC) of the formulated blends were determined using different chromatographic and thermal techniques. All the blends had three main TGs; namely, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP) (8.6 to 17.7%), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-glycerol (POS) (12.6 to 19.6%), and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS) (37.2 to 31.4%), with SOS being the major component. The melting peak temperatures gradually increased and shifted towards higher temperatures with PS. The crystallization onset temperatures increased, while the offset decreased with PS. The SFC did not drop to 0% at 37.5 °C, which was shifted to 0% at and above 40 °C for some blends. The studies revealed that CBRs could be prepared by blending MSF and PS, and they could be utilized by chocolate manufacturers in tropical countries

Cocoa butter fats and possibilities of substitution in food products concerning cocoa varieties, alternative sources, extraction methods, composition, and characteristics

The current concern for cocoa butter fat as major ingredients of chocolate intake in the World has raised the question of the high price of cocoa butter among all other vegetable fats. Productions of natural cocoa butter fats are decreasing day by day due to the decrease of cocoa cultivation worldwide; moreover, cocoa fruit contains only a little amount of cocoa butter. Therefore, the food industries are keen to find the alternatives to cocoa butter fat and this issue has been contemplated among food manufacturers. This review offers an update of scientific research conducted in relation to the alternative fats of cocoa butter from natural sources. The findings highlights how these cocoa butter alternatives are being produced either by blending, modifying the natural oils or fats from palm oil, palm kernel oil, mango seed kernel fats, kokum butter fat, sal fat, shea butter, and illipé fat

Optimization of SC–CO2 extraction of zerumbone from Zingiber zerumbet (L) Smith

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the variables affecting the Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction of non-polar compounds from Zingiber zerumbet using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Dependent variables were the percentage of the chemical components in the ginger vis a vis α-caryophyllene (y ₁), camphene (y ₂), and zerumbone (2,6,10-cycloundecatrien-1-one, 2,6,9,9-tetramethyl-) (y ₃). Pressure was the most significant parameter affecting the amount of each compound extracted. When temperature was kept constant and pressure was increased, all of the dependent variables increased concomitantly. Since pressure and temperature are two of the major influential factors in the extraction using SC-CO₂, any combination of these two parameters could be selected to ascertain the optimum combination for a particular compound in the extract. Extraction at 30°C and 55MPa with total amount of 30g of CO₂ used was found to maximize all the responses

Proapoptotic and antimetastatic properties of supercritical CO2 extract of Nigella sativa Linn. Against breast cancer cells

Nigella sativa, commonly referred as black cumin, is a popular spice that has been used since the ancient Egyptians. It has traditionally been used for treatment of various human ailments ranging from fever to intestinal disturbances to cancer. This study investigated the apoptotic, antimetastatic, and anticancer activities of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO) extracts of the seeds of N. sativa Linn. against estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Twelve extracts were prepared from N. sativa seeds using the SC-CO extraction method by varying pressure and temperature. Extracts were analyzed using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrometry. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on various human cancer and normal cell lines. Of the 12 extracts, 1 extract (A3) that was prepared at 60 C and 2500 psi (∼17.24 MPa) showed selective antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC of 53.34±2.15 μg/mL. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by evaluating caspases activities and observing the cells under a scanning electron microscope. In vitro antimetastatic properties of A3 were investigated by colony formation, cell migration, and cell invasion assays. The elevated levels of caspases in A3 treated MCF-7 cells suggest that A3 is proapoptotic. Further nuclear condensation and fragmentation studies confirmed that A3 induces cytotoxicity through the apoptosis pathway. A3 also demonstrated remarkable inhibition in migration and invasion assays of MCF-7 cells at subcytotoxic concentrations. Thus, this study highlights the therapeutic potentials of SC-CO extract of N. sativa in targeting breast cancer

Physicochemical properties of cocoa butter replacers from supercritical carbon dioxide extracted mango seed fat and palm oil mid-fraction blends

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extracted mango seed fat (MSF) was blended with palm oil mid-fraction (POMF) to obtain cocoa butter replacers (CBRs). The fatty acid constituents and physicochemical properties of the formulated blends were analysed by gas chromatography (GC). In this study, the fatty acid constituents and other physicochemical properties such as iodine value (43.2 to 43.4 g I2/100 g fat), saponification value (195.7 to 195.9 mg KOH/g fat), acid value (2.1 to 2.7%), and slip melting point (33.8 to 34.9°C) of blends MSF/POMF at ratios 85/15, 80/20, 75/25, and 70/30 were found similar to the physicochemical properties of commercial cocoa butter. Thus, it could be concluded that the MSF/POMF blends that are blends 85/15, 80/20, 75/25, and 70/30 (3 to 6) could be suggested as CBRs in terms of the physicochemical properties like fatty acid constituents, iodine, saponification and acid values and slip melting point