Transcriptional analysis of biopsies derived from in vitro produced bovine blastocysts in relation to pregnancy success after transfer to recipients

This study was carried out to address the relationship between the transcriptional profile of embryos and the pregnancy success based on gene expression analysis of blastocyst biopsies taken prior to transfer to recipients. For this, biopsies (30-40% of the intact embryo) were taken from day 7. Blastocysts (n=118) and 60-70% part were transferred to recipients after re-expansion. Based on the success of pregnancy, biopsies were pooled in three groups (each 10 biopsies) namely: those resulting in no pregnancy (G1), resorption (G2) and those resulting in delivery of calf (G3). Gene expression analysis of these groups was performed using a home made bovine preimplantation specific cDNA array (with 219 clones) and BlueChip (with ~2000 clones). Data analysis using Significant Analysis for Microarray (SAM) software revealed that a total of 52 and 58 genes were differentially regulated during comparison between G1 versus G3 and G2 versus G3 respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate the results of the microarray experiments. G3-Biopsies are enriched with genes necessary for implantation (COX-2 and CDX2), carbohydrate metabolism (ALOX15), growth factor (BMP15), response to oxidative stress (TXN), signal transduction (PLAU) and placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8). G2-Biopsies are enriched with transcripts involved protein phosphorylation (KRT8), plasma membrane (OCLN) and glucose metabolism (PGK, AKR1B1). G1-Biopsies are enriched with transcripts involved inflammatory cytokines (TNF), and factors relevant for protein amino acid binding (EEF1A1), transcription factors (MSX1, PTTG1), glucose metabolism (PGK1, AKR1B1) and CD9 which is an inhibitor of implantation. The bovine MSX1 protein detected by immunohistochemistry was localized in the cytoplasm of immature oocytes and distributed at periphery of the cytoplasm of matured oocytes. Throughout the preimplantation period the staining was apparently more concentrated around the nuclei, whereas the ICM in blastocyst showed weaker labelling for MSX1 than the trophectoderm. In conclusion, we generated direct candidates of genes which may play an important role in determining the fate of the embryo after transfer. Genexpressionsprofile von in vitro produzierten Rinderembryobiopsien in Relation zur in vivo Entwicklung nach Transfer In dieser Arbeit wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Genexpression in Embryonen und Trächtigkeitserfolg, basierend auf der Expressionsanalyse von vor dem Transfer an den Rezipienten gewonnenen Blastozystenbiopsien, untersucht. Hierzu wurden Biopsien (30- 40% des intakten Embryos) von Tag 7 Blastozysten genommen (n=118) und der 60-70% Restteil den Rezipienten nach Re-expansion transferiert. Basierend auf dem Erfolg der Trächtigkeit wurden die Biopsien in 3 Gruppen (je 10 Biopsien) gepoolt, nämlich: jene, die in keiner Trächtigkeit resultierten (G1), resorbierte Embryonen (G2) und jene, die in Geburt eines Kalbes resultierten (G3). Die Genexpressionsanalyse dieser Gruppen wurde mit einem selbsthergestellten bovinen präimplantationsspezifischen cDNA Array (mit 219 Clonen) und mit BlueChip (mit ~2000 Clonen) durchgeführt. Die Datenanalyse mittels Significant Analysis for Microarray (SAM) Software zeigte insgesamt 52 bzw. 58 unterschiedlich regulierte Gene im Vergleich zwischen G1 versus G3 und G2 versus G3. Quantitative real-time PCR wurde zur Bestätigung der durch das Microarray-Experiment entdeckten unterschiedlich exprimierten Gene eingesetzt. G3-Biopsien exprimierten herstäarkt solche Gene, die notwendig für Implantation (COX-2 und CDX2), Kohlenhydratmetabolismus (ALOX15), Wachstum (BMP15), oxidative Stressantwort (TXN), Signalübermittlung (PLAU) und Plazentafunktion-8 (PLAC8), sind die Biopsien der resorbierten Embryonen zeigten vermehrt Transkripte, die in Protein-phosphorylation (KRT8), Plasmamembranaufbau (OCLN) und Glucosemetabolismus (PGK1, AKR1B1). Involvirt sind die Biopsien von G1-Embryonen, exprimierten vermehrt Transkripte von Zytokinen (TNF), Proteinaminoacidbindung (EEF1A1), Transkriptionfaktoren (MSX1, PTTG1), Enzymen des Glucosemetabolismus (PGK1, AKR1B1) und CD9, einem Inhibitor der Implantation. Zusammengefasst lässt sich sagen, dass wir direkte Kandidatengene identifiziert haben, die eine wichtige Rolle in der Bestimmung der Enwicklungsfähigheit des Embryos nach dem Transfer spielen könnten

Assessing the Experience of Universities' Online Admission in Egypt: An Experiment Conducted during the COVID-19

The research aims to test selected universities' websites in Egypt by conducting an experiment on the on-line admission process experiments during the COVID-19. The sample exceeds 60 % (16) universities of total national and private universities chosen randomly. The invited participants were high school graduates who seek information about universities and apply on-line. They are participating while applying the on-line, the data were collected by three rounds demanding to reach the highest number of participants ended by receiving 73 valid experiments. Summing -up with the answers research questions were obtained by analyzing the received valid data. Universities' websites investigated against information criteria. Moreover, ranking them based on time to find applying-online, then to perform the activity. The research results revealed universities’ interest in updating websites and accessibility of on-line admission across universities' websites, meanwhile, for applying-online activity time to find and to perform were varied through the same universities' websites. Keywords: Online, Admission, Experiment, the COVID-19, national and private Universities' Websites, Egypt, Apply On-line, Higher Education (HE), Applicants, Information Criteria DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/69-06 Publication date:December 31st 202

Increased expression of T- cell- surface CXCR4 in asthmatic children

Background: Signals delivered through the chemokine receptor CXCR4 upon interaction with its ligand, SDF-1 α/β result in the most efficacious chemoattraction of T lymphocytes to the asthmatic airways with the resultant lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Objective: The extensive pharmacological and physiological evidence that CXCR4 chemokine receptor influences the allergic airway disease has stimulated us to study the relation between its expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes and the exacerbation of asthmatic attacks of varying severity. Methods: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 was assayed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from 25 asthmatic children, during asthma exacerbation and after complete remission of symptoms and physical signs. The results were compared to those of 30 healthy children. Results: The CXCR4 expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes was significantly increased in children with acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma as compared to controls (mean ± SD = 62.27 ± 17.57% versus 24.76 ± 6.88%; p < 0.001). After remission of acute attacks, the CXCR4 expression decreased significantly as compared to the values during attacks (mean ± SD = 40.90 ± 13.25%), however, the level of expression during quiescence was still significantly higher than the values of the controls (mean ± SD = 40.90 ± 13.25%; p < 0.001). The CXCR4 expression was significantly higher in children with acute severe asthma as compared to those with either mild or moderate attacks. During remission, patients with mild intermittent asthma had less expression of CXCR4 when compared to any grade of persistent asthma, while the results were comparable between all groups of persistent asthma of varying severity. A significant positive correlation could link the CXCR4% to the absolute eosinophilic count during acute asthma attacks. Conclusion: CXCR4 is over-expressed in T lymphocytes of asthmatic children. It was found to be related to disease activity and seems to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of chronic inflammation of the airways.Keywords: Asthma, chemokine receptors, CXCR4, children, T lymphocytesEgypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 1(2): 80-

Screening of Dyslipidemia and Obesity among Children in Zagazig University Hospitals

Background: Westerners are well aware of plasma lipid problems, which are becoming increasingly important in the Middle East. The European Expert Panel has advocated universal screening as a preferable approach of hypercholesterolemia screening as a part of the primary preventive effort. Objective: To assess the relation between dyslipidemia and its risk factors; age and body mass index. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study that included 357 of children who visited the Pediatrics General Outpatient Clinic at Zagazig University Hospitals. All subjects were subjected to full history taking, general examination, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and laboratory investigations including: non-fasting and fasting lipid profiles. Results: Non-fasting total cholesterol (TC) of ≥ 200 was (14.3%) and < 200 was (85.7%). Non-fasting (LDL) of ≥ 130 was (16.8%) and <130 was (83.2%). HDL category of < 40 was (61.3%) and ≥ 40 was (38.7%). There was no statistically significant difference between age, sex and lipid profiles. There was statistically significant positive correlation between non-fasting triglycerides (TG) and non-fasting HDL and non-fasting non-HDL-C. Conclusion: Obesity was associated with the prevalence of at least one abnormal lipid level. This highlights the importance of paying greater attention to the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity in children from an early age

The efficacy of enhanced recovery protocol from anesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy

Background: Prevalence of diabetes in surgical patients is 10–40%. They have higher incidence of complications, and longer stay in hospital compared to non-diabetic. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion is considered one of the high-risk surgeries associated with morbidity and mortality. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is an evidence-based multimodal surgical care protocol that improves post-operative outcomes and length of stay (LOS) in patients without diabetes. This study evaluates the evidence on whether diabetic patientswould benefit from ERAS pathway.The aim of the study: was to evaluate the efficacy of ERAS protocol from anesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy.Patients and methods: This study was carried out in Alexandria main University Hospital on fifty-four adult ASA physical status I, II and III participants of either sex. Participants were scheduled for radical cystectomy surgeries under the effect of general anesthesia, following ERAS protocol, divided into two group diabetic and non-diabetic27 participants each. The ICON device was used to measure the stroke volume variation (SVV) to apply goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) for all patients.Measurements: Demographic data, hemodynamic parameters (stoke volume, cardiac index), intra-operative fluid requirement, blood loss, postoperative pain intensity, time of first bowel movement, PH, Bicarbonate level, serum lactate level, heamatocrit and LOS were measured and recorded.Main results: No statistical significant difference was detected between both groups as regard age, sex, weight, vital signs, serum lactate, first bowel movement and VAS. There was statistical significant difference between both groups as regard fluid requirement, and the days of hospital stay.Conclusion: ERAS is a beneficial protocol to improve postoperative outcome in radical cystectomy surgeries, it can be used in diabetic patients to decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality

Improvement to Highway Safety through Network Level Friction Testing and Cost Effective Pavement Maintenance

Pavements encompass a significant component of the total civil infrastructure investment. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is responsible for the maintenance and construction of approximately 39,000 lane-kilometres of highway. In 2004, the province estimated the value of the total highway system at $39 billion dollars. Thus, managing this asset is an important factor to ensure a high level of service to the traveling public. One of the most important indicators of level of service for a road network is safety. Each year, thousands of motorists across North America are involved in motor vehicle collisions, which result in property damage, congestion, delays, injuries and fatalities. The MTO estimated that in 2002, vehicle collisions in Ontario cost nearly$11 billion. Despite the importance of highway safety, it is usually not considered explicitly in the pavement management framework or maintenance analysis. A number of agencies across North America collect skid data to assess the level of safety at both the project and network level (Li et al, 2004). However, a number of transportation agencies still do not collect friction data as part of their regular pavement data collection programs. This is related to both liability concerns and lack of knowledge for how this data can be effectively used to improve safety. The transportation industry generally relies on information such as collision rates, black-spot locations and radius of curvature to evaluate the level of safety of an alignment (Lamm et al., 1999). These are important factors, but the use of complementary skid data in an organized proactive manner would also be beneficial. In preparation for a considered Long Term Area Maintenance Contract, a project was initiated by the MTO to collect network level friction data across three regions in the Province of Ontario. This project represents the first time friction data was collected at the network level in Ontario. In 2006, approximately 1,800 km of the MTO highway network was surveyed as a part of this study. This research utilized the network level skid data along with collision data to examine the relationships and model the impacts of skid resistance on the level of safety. Despite the value of collecting network level skid data, many Canadian transportation agencies still do not collect network level skid data due to the costs and potential liability associated with the collected data. The safety of highway networks are usually assessed using various levels of service indicators such as Wet-to-Dry accident ratio (W/D), surface friction (SN), or the collision rate (CR). This research focused on developing a framework for assessing the level of safety of a highway network in terms of the risk of collision based on pavement surface friction. The developed safety framework can be used by transportation agencies (federal, state, provincial, municipal, etc.) or the private sector to evaluate the safety of their highway networks and to determine the risk or probability of a collision occurring given the level of friction along the pavement section of interest. As a part of the analysis, a number of factors such as Region, Season of the Year, Environmental Conditions, Road Surface Condition, Collision Severity, Visibility and Roadway Location were all investigated. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed to developed relationships which could relate the total number of collisions or the collision rate (CR) to the level of available pavement friction on a highway section. These models were developed using over 1,200 collisions and skid test results from two Regions in the Province of Ontario. Another component of this study examined the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio and compared it to the Skid Number. A number of Transportation Agencies rely on the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio to identify potential locations with poor skid resistance. The results of the comparison further demonstrated the need and importance of collecting network level skid data. Another component of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various preservation treatments used within the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study. In addition, modeling was performed which examined the historical friction trends over time within various environment zones across North America to investigate skid resistance deterioration trends. The results of the analysis demonstrated that commonly used preservation treatments can increase skid resistance and improve safety. The cost effectiveness of implementing preservation and maintenance to increase the level of safety of a highway using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was evaluated. A Decision Making Framework was developed which included the formulation of a Decision Matrix that can be used to assist in selecting a preservation treatment for a given condition. The results of this analysis demonstrate the savings generated by reducing the number of collisions as a result of increasing skid resistance. The results of this research study have demonstrated the importance of network level friction testing and the impact of skid resistance on the level of safety of a highway. A review of the literature did not reveal any protocol or procedures for sampling or minimum test interval requirements for network level skid testing using a locked-wheel tester. Network level friction testing can be characterized as expensive and time-consuming due to the complexity of the test. As a result, any reduction in the required number of test points is a benefit to the transportation agency, private sector (consultants and contractors) and most importantly, the public. An analysis approach was developed and tested that can be used to minimize the number of required test locations along a highway segment using common statistical techniques

Empfindlichkeit von Staphylococcus-aureus-Stämmen isoliert von Kühen mit subklinischer Mastitis gegen verschiedene Arten von Desinfektionsmitteln und Antibiotika

The primary objective of the current study was to determine in vitro the efficacy of two teat dips, Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip against 56 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains isolated from subclinical cases of bovine mastitis. A further main objective was an attempt of resistance induction of selected strains of S. aureus against the same two types of teat disinfectants. Another objective was to test the antibiotic resistance patterns of bovine mastitis isolates of S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). The last objective was to check the possibility of cross- resistance between reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and different types of antibiotics that are commercially available for the treatment of bovine S. aureus mastitis. Quarter milk samples were collected from six dairy herds with high prevalences of S. aureus in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany. Of each herd, 32 cows in different stages of lactation and different age groups were chosen for sampling. Cows were divided according to the udder teat dipping scheme into three groups. Teats of the first group were dipped in the postmilking teat disinfectant Ujosan® dip; the second group was dipped in Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip, while the third group was kept without dipping (a negative control group). A total of seventy isolates of S. aureus and CNS were identified phenotypically by the tube coagulase test and the Staph ID 32 API system; genotypically by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the mass spectrally by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation- time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), which was used as a confirmatory method for PCR. After identification of all strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip against S. aureus strains was determined, using the broth macrodilution method which is indicative of the guideline for examination of chemical disinfectants in the German Veterinary Association (Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft, DVG). All strains were inoculated in a liquid medium (tryptose soya broth, TSB), serially diluted with the two teat dips. The mean MIC values of Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip for dipped and control groups were 45.70 ± 2.54%; 42.6 ± 1.64% and 97.51 ± 0.98%; 96.8 ± 0.78%, respectively. This study showed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between dipped and negative control groups for both Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip. The main objective was to induce in vitro sensitivity reduction (resistance) of the same two commercial teat dips with sub-lethal concentrations against ten different strains of S. aureus. For each disinfectant, 10 strains were repeatedly passed 10 times in growth media with sub lethal concentrations of Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip. The MIC values of the teat dip after passages were determined and compared with the original MIC values before passages. According to the results, 9 strains (90%) became nonsusceptible to Ujosan® dip and only one strain (10%) became nonsusceptible to Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip. All isolates with a significant increase (p>0.001) of MICs were passed every day for 10 days in tryptose soya broth (TSB) without disinfectant (active substance), to check whether the acquired resistance was stable or not. Stability of acquired resistance was noticed in all Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip adapted S. aureus strains. Furthermore, the sensitivity of 6 selected antimicrobial agents against 70 coagulase positive S. aureus and CNS strains was checked using the agar disk diffusion test. 85.71% of S. aureus strains and 28.57% of CNS were resistant to Penicillin G, 7.14% of S. aureus and CNS were resistant to tetracycline and only 10.71% of S. aureus and 7.14% of CNS were resistant to gentamycin. The percentages of resistant S. aureus and CNS to chloramphinicol were 1.78% and 7.14%, respectively. No resistance was detected for the other tested antimicrobial agents (oxacillin and erythromycin). Finally the current study investigated whether Ujosan® dip-and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dipadapted S. aureus strains were also resistant to antibiotics commercially available for the treatment of bovine S. aureus mastitis. According to the results obtained from the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Berlin, Germany), all Ujosan® dip and Eimü Chlorhexidin® dipadapted S. aureus strains showed in vitro the highest susceptibility to all types of antibiotics. Therefore, prolonged exposure of sub-inhibitory concentrations of Ujosan® dip or Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip did not increase emerging antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. The current results and published data indicate that more detailed investigations on the cross- resistance between reduced susceptibility of chemical disinfectants and antibiotics are needed.Das Ziel der Studie war zunächst, die Wirksamkeit von zwei Zitzendippmitteln (Zitzendesinfektionsmittel), Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip, gegenüber 56 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus-Stämmen, die von subklinischen Fällen boviner Mastitis isoliert wurden, zu bestimmen. Ein weiteres Ziel war, eine Resistenzinduktion bei ausgewählten Stämmen von S. aureus gegen Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip zu versuchen. Ein drittes Ziel bestand darin, die Antibiotikaresistenz von S. aureus und koagulasenegativen Staphylokokken (KNS)-Isolaten von Kühen mit Mastitis zu testen. Viertes Ziel war es, die Möglichkeit der Kreuzresistenz zwischen verminderter Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ujosan®dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip und verschiedenen Arten von Antibiotika, die für die Behandlung von boviner S. aureus-Mastitis kommerziell verfügbar sind, zu testen. Viertelmilchproben wurden aus sechs Milchkuhbeständen mit hoher Prävalenz von S. aureus im Bundesland Brandenburg (Deutschland) gesammelt. Von jeder Herde wurden 32 Kühe in verschiedenen Stadien der Laktation und unterschiedlichen Altersgruppen für die Probenahme ausgewählt. Die 32 Kühe lassen sich in drei Gruppen aufteilen. Die Zitzen der Kühe aus der ersten Gruppe wurden nach dem Melken in das Zitzendesinfektionsmittel Ujosan® dip getaucht, in der zweiten Gruppe wurde dafür Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip verwendet, in der dritten Gruppe wurde kein Zitzendipmittel angewendet. Insgesamt 70 Isolate von S. aureus und KNS wurden phänotypisch durch Röhrchen- Koagulase-Test und Staph ID 32 API-System identifiziert. Auch wurden diese Isolate mit Hilfe von Polymerase-Kettenreaktion und der Matrix-unterstützten Laserdesorptions/ionisations-Flugzeit-Massenspektrometrie, (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry, MALDI-TOFMS), die als ein Bestätigungsverfahren für die PCR-Methode verwendet wurde, genotypisch identifiziert. Nach der Identifizierung aller Stämme, wurde die minimale Hemmkonzentration (MHK) von Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip gegen S. aureus-Stämme mit Benutzung der Bouillon-Makrodilutionsmethode entsprechend den Richtlinien zur Prüfung von chemischen Desinfektionsmitteln der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft (DVG) von 2000 ermittelt. Die Mittelwerte der MHK von Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip für die Dip-Gruppen- und Kontrollgruppen waren respektiv 45,70 ± 2,54%; 42,6 ± 1,64% und 97,51 ± 0,98%; 96,8 ± 0,78%. Diese Studie zeigte, dass es keine signifikanten Unterschiede (p<0,05) zwischen den Isolaten der Gruppen mit Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip und den Isolaten aus der Kontrollgruppe. Das Hauptziel war, in vitro die Reduktion der Empfindlichkeit (Resistanz) mit subletalen Konzentrationen von Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip bei Stämmen von S. aureus zu induzieren. 10 Stämme wurden 10-mal in Nährmedien mit subetaler Konzentration von Ujosan® dip und Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip passagiert. Die MHK-Werte der Zitzendipmittel wurden nach dem Passagieren bestimmt und mit den MHK-Werten vor den Passagen verglichen. 9 Stämme (90%) wiesen eine geringere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ujosan® dip auf und nur 1 Stamm (10%) hatte eine reduzierte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip. Alle Isolate mit signifikantem Anstieg (p>0,001) der MHK- Werten wurden 10 Tage hintereinander in Tryptose-Soja-Bouillon (TSB) ohne Ujosan® dip bzw. Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip l passagiert, um zu prüfen, ob die erworbene Resistenz stabil oder nicht stabil war. Die Stabilität der erworbenen Resistenz wurde in allen dem Ujosan® dip und dem Eimü Chlorhexidin® dip angepassten S. aureus-Stämmen festgestellt

Improve Quality of Smart Universities through Information Technology Infrastructure Library Methodology

This paper focuses on educational institutions are increasingly seeking innovative ways to enhance the quality of their services. Smart universities, a product of this technological evolution, aim to provide students with cutting-edge educational experiences. One of the pivotal factors in achieving this goal is the effective management of Information Technology (IT) services. The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) methodology is recognized worldwide as a robust framework for IT service management. Its principles and best practices have been successfully applied in various sectors to optimize processes, enhance service quality, and ensure efficient resource utilization. Given the ever-growing reliance on IT within educational institutions, implementing ITIL in smart universities has the potential to significantly elevate the quality of education. This paper explores the vital role that the ITIL methodology plays in improving the quality of smart universities. It delves into how the principles and practices of ITIL can be strategically integrated into the operational fabric of higher education institutions. By leveraging ITIL, universities can not only bolster their IT service management but also enrich the overall educational experience for students, ultimately contributing to the realization of truly smart and technologically advanced learning environments

Psychological Problems as Perceived by Institutionalized and Non-Institutionalized Elderly

Ageing is a universal phenomenon and natural biological process of the life cycle. As people enter old age, they begin to experience associated changes in their physical, mental &amp; social health. Therefore, elderly people are vulnerable to physiological and mental crisis. The aim of this study is to assess psychological problems as perceived by institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly, utilizing a descriptive comparative research design. A sample of convenience of 90 elderly which will be divided into: 45 institutionalized elderly was recruited from Hedaya Barakat geriatric home in El-Dokki district, Giza city, Egypt and 45 non- institutionalized elderly was recruited from Pension and Disbursement settings, Cairo district, Egypt. Socio-demographic sheet, and psychological problems scale for elderly. The findings revealed that; the studied institutionalized elderly had higher levels of anxiety, loneliness, and depression than non institutionalized elderly and it was major problems. The study concludes that, psychological problems increase with growing of age among elderly. Recommendation: nursing by education programs should be held for psychiatric mental health nurses in order to help families develop a better understanding of elderly people health needs. Keywords: psychological problems, institutionalized, non-institutionalized and elderly people