Zamanın Sonu ve Bir İmparatorluğun Başlangıcı: Hicri Bininci Yılın Eşiğinde Bir İstanbul Efsanesi

When Sultan Mehmet II conquered the Constantinople, he ended the biggest known empire in history and planned to build his own empire over the ruins of the former. But this imperial ideal required a new multicultural, multi-religious and multilingual order. Mehmed II wanted the capital of this order to be Constantinople, which has been the capital of the enemy for nearly a century. While trying to realize these mentioned ideals, he was exposed to countless opposition from the Ottoman society. The basis of these lies on the fears of the begs who did not want to abandon their ancestors' lifestyle and were afraid of being assimilated by settling in Constantinople. The settlement of this city, which is the source of countless demons and hostility to Islam, turns into a kind of conflict zone for ideals of the Sultan and the conservatism of the begs. This period also gave rise to interpretations fed by traditional and religious narratives that the apocalyptic day is approaching, with the world witnessing unprecedented innovations. In this study, 'Fi Beyan-ı Tarih-i Konstantiniyye min Evvela to Ahire', which is an anonymous Istanbul historical work estimated to be produced at the end of the 15th century, was examined. Due to the mythical structure and indirect analogy of the narrative, the study was made on the stance of the opposition towards imperial ideal of Mehmed II and the belief that the Day of Judgment is approaching.Sultan II. Mehmet Konstantinapol’ü fethettiğinde tarihin bilinen en büyük imparatorluğuna son vermiş, yıkılan imparatorluğun üzerine kendi imparatorluğunu inşa etmeyi planlamıştır. Fakat bu imparatorluk ideali çok kültürlü, çok dinli ve çok dilli yeni bir düzeni gerekli kılmıştır. Fatih, bu düzenin başkenti yaklaşık yüzyıl boyunca düşmanın da başkentliğini yapan Konstantinapol olsun ister. Bu bahsi geçen ideallerini hayata geçirmeye çalıştığı sırada Osmanlı toplumundan sayısız muhalefete maruz kalır. Bunların temelinde kendi atalarının düzenini terk etmek istemeyen, Konstantinapol’e yerleşmekle asimile olmaktan korkan beylerin korkuları yatar. Sayısız şeytanlıkların, İslam düşmanlığının kaynağı olan bu şehre yerleşim Fatih’in idealleri ve beylerinin tutuculuğunun bir nevi çatışma alanına dönüşür. Bu dönem aynı zamanda tüm dünyanın emsalsiz yeniliklere şahit olmasıyla kıyamet gününün yaklaştığına dair gelenekten ve dini anlatılardan beslenen yorumları da doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmada 15. Yüzyılının sonunda üretildiği tahmin edilen anonim bir İstanbul tarihi eseri olan ‘Fi Beyan-ı Tarih-i Konstantiniyye min Evvela ila Ahire’ incelenmiştir. Anlatının efsanevi yapısı ve dolaylı benzetmeleri sebebiyle, eserin bahsi geçen imparatorluk idealine karşı duruşu ve kıyamet gününün yaklaştığı inancı üzerinden incelemesi yapılmıştır

Efficacy of subsequent treatments in patients with hormone-positive advanced breast cancer who had disease progression under CDK 4/6 inhibitor therapy

Background: There is no standard treatment recommended at category 1 level in international guidelines for subsequent therapy after cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6) based therapy. We aimed to evaluate which subsequent treatment oncologists prefer in patients with disease progression under CDKi. In addition, we aimed to show the effectiveness of systemic treatments after CDKi and whether there is a survival difference between hormonal treatments (monotherapy vs. mTOR-based). Methods: A total of 609 patients from 53 centers were included in the study. Progression-free-survivals (PFS) of subsequent treatments (chemotherapy (CT, n:434) or endocrine therapy (ET, n:175)) after CDKi were calculated. Patients were evaluated in three groups as those who received CDKi in first-line (group A, n:202), second-line (group B, n: 153) and ≥ 3rd-line (group C, n: 254). PFS was compared according to the use of ET and CT. In addition, ET was compared as monotherapy versus everolimus-based combination therapy. Results: The median duration of CDKi in the ET arms of Group A, B, and C was 17.0, 11.0, and 8.5 months in respectively; it was 9.0, 7.0, and 5.0 months in the CT arm. Median PFS after CDKi was 9.5 (5.0–14.0) months in the ET arm of group A, and 5.3 (3.9–6.8) months in the CT arm (p = 0.073). It was 6.7 (5.8–7.7) months in the ET arm of group B, and 5.7 (4.6–6.7) months in the CT arm (p = 0.311). It was 5.3 (2.5–8.0) months in the ET arm of group C and 4.0 (3.5–4.6) months in the CT arm (p = 0.434). Patients who received ET after CDKi were compared as those who received everolimus-based combination therapy versus those who received monotherapy ET: the median PFS in group A, B, and C was 11.0 vs. 5.9 (p = 0.047), 6.7 vs. 5.0 (p = 0.164), 6.7 vs. 3.9 (p = 0.763) months. Conclusion: Physicians preferred CT rather than ET in patients with early progression under CDKi. It has been shown that subsequent ET after CDKi can be as effective as CT. It was also observed that better PFS could be achieved with the subsequent everolimus-based treatments after first-line CDKi compared to monotherapy ET.Breast Cancer Consortiu

The effect of post-wildfire management practices on vegetation recovery: Insights from the Sapadere fire, Antalya, Türkiye

Post-wildfire management actions mainly targeting the removal of salvage logs and burned trees is a common but controversial practice. Although it aims to regain some of the natural and economic value of a forest, it also requires disturbing burned areas, which may have some negative consequences affecting, for instance, the carbon cycle, soil erosion, and vegetation cover. Observations from different geographic settings contribute to this scientific debate, and yet, the spatiotemporal evolution of the post-fire road network developed as part of fire management practices and its influence on vegetation recovery has been rarely examined. Specifically, we still lack observations from Türkiye, though wildfires are a common event. This research examined the evolution of the vegetation cover in relation to post-fire road constructions and the resultant debris materials in areas affected by the 2017 Sapadere fire in Antalya, Türkiye. We used multi-sensor, multi-temporal optical satellite data and monitored the variation in both vegetation cover and road network from the pre-to post-fire periods between 2014 and 2021. Our results showed that fire management practices almost doubled the road network in the post-fire period, from 487 km to 900 km. Overall, 7% of the burned area was affected by these practices. As a result, vegetation cover in those areas shows only ∼50% recovery, whereas undisturbed areas exhibit ∼100% recovery 5 years after the event. Notably, such spatiotemporal analysis carried out for different burned areas would provide a better insight into the most suitable post-fire management practices. Our findings, in particular, show that the current practices need to be revisited as they cause a delay in vegetation recovery

Anonim ortaklık payının rehin ve hapis haklarına konu olması

Anonim ortaklıklar, sermayesi belirli ve paylara bölünmüş bir şirket türüdür. Anonim ortaklık sermayesinin paylara bölünmüş olması payın tek başına hukuki işlemlere konu olmasını mümkün kılmakta, bu durum payın ekonomik hayatta birçok farklı şekilde ve amaç için kullanılmasına da olanak sağlamaktadır. Çalışmamızda, uygulamada bir alacağın teminat altına alınması amacıyla sıklıkla başvurulan rehin ve hapis haklarının anonim ortaklık payı üzerinde tesis edilmesi incelenmiştir. Rehin hakkı, bir alacağın teminat altına alınması amacıyla uygulamada sıklıkla başvurulan bir kurumdur. Anonim ortaklık payları ise rehnedilmelerindeki ve paraya çevrilmelerindeki kolaylıklar sebebiyle rehin hakkına konu edinmektedirler. Rehin hakkı, sahibine, teminat altına alınan alacağın ödenmemesi durumunda rehin konusunu paraya çevirtme ve bu paradan alacağını karşılama yetkisi vermektedir. Rehin hakkı sahibinin rehin konusunu kullanma ve semerelerinden yararlanma yetkisi ise bulunmamaktadır. Hapis hakkı ise doktrinde kanuni rehin hakkı olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kanuni şartlarının gerçekleşmesiyle kendiliğinden doğan hapis hakkı, hakka konu eşyayı parya çevirme yetkisi vermesi sebebiyle oldukça önemli bir teminat türüdür.--------------------Joint stock companies are a type of company whose capital is defined and divided into shares. The share of a joint stock company can be subject to legal transactions on its own, and this allows the share to be used in many different ways and for economic purposes. In our study, we examined the pledge and the right of retention. The shares of joint stock companies are subject to pledge right due to its ease in realization. The right of pledge gives the owner the authority to realization the pledged and to cover the debt if the secured debt is not paid. The holder of the pledge right does not have the authority to use the pledged and to benefit from its gaining’s. The right of retention is stated in the doctrine as the legal pledge. The right of retention arising from the realization of the legal conditions. The right of retention is a very important type of guarantee because it gives the authority to realization the goods

Kategorizasyon, Proleterleştirilme ve Dışlanma: Orta Doğu Göçmeni Yahudilerin İki Nesli

In its general framework, this study focuses on the Jews who immigrated from the Middle Eastern countries in the early years of Israel's foundation, starting from 1948. These immigrants who came to Israel in these years had difficulties in their living conditions and remained in the lower strata of the society compared to the European Jews who arrived earlier or immigrated after the Holocaust. Although it has been studied extensively in the literature, the emphasis has been the cultural roots of the social exclusion. In this study, both the continuity of the situation and the political and economic dimensions of it are examined.Genel çerçevesiyle bu çalışma 1948 yılından başlayarak İsrail’in kuruluşunun ilk yıllarında Orta Doğu ülkelerinden göç eden Yahudileri merkeze almaktadır. Bahsedilen yıllarda İsrail’e gelen bu göçmenler yaşam koşullarında zorluklar çekmiş ve de onlara nazaran erken gelen ve ya Holokost sonrası göç eden Avrupalı Yahudilere göre toplumda arka planda kalmıştır. Literatürde çokca incelense de, dikkati çeken kısım toplumsal dışlamanın kültürel kökenleri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada bahsedilen durumun sürekli hale gelmesi ve bu sürekliliğin siyasi ve ekonomik boyutları incelenmiştir

Anonim ortaklık payının rehin ve hapis haklarına konu olması

Anonim ortaklıklar, sermayesi belirli ve paylara bölünmüş bir şirket türüdür. Anonim ortaklık sermayesinin paylara bölünmüş olması payın tek başına hukuki işlemlere konu olmasını mümkün kılmakta, bu durum payın ekonomik hayatta birçok farklı şekilde ve amaç için kullanılmasına da olanak sağlamaktadır. Çalışmamızda, uygulamada bir alacağın teminat altına alınması amacıyla sıklıkla başvurulan rehin ve hapis haklarının anonim ortaklık payı üzerinde tesis edilmesi incelenmiştir. Rehin hakkı, bir alacağın teminat altına alınması amacıyla uygulamada sıklıkla başvurulan bir kurumdur. Anonim ortaklık payları ise rehnedilmelerindeki ve paraya çevrilmelerindeki kolaylıklar sebebiyle rehin hakkına konu edinmektedirler. Rehin hakkı, sahibine, teminat altına alınan alacağın ödenmemesi durumunda rehin konusunu paraya çevirtme ve bu paradan alacağını karşılama yetkisi vermektedir. Rehin hakkı sahibinin rehin konusunu kullanma ve semerelerinden yararlanma yetkisi ise bulunmamaktadır. Hapis hakkı ise doktrinde kanuni rehin hakkı olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kanuni şartlarının gerçekleşmesiyle kendiliğinden doğan hapis hakkı, hakka konu eşyayı parya çevirme yetkisi vermesi sebebiyle oldukça önemli bir teminat türüdür. -------------------- Joint stock companies are a type of company whose capital is defined and divided into shares. The share of a joint stock company can be subject to legal transactions on its own, and this allows the share to be used in many different ways and for economic purposes. In our study, we examined the pledge and the right of retention. The shares of joint stock companies are subject to pledge right due to its ease in realization. The right of pledge gives the owner the authority to realization the pledged and to cover the debt if the secured debt is not paid. The holder of the pledge right does not have the authority to use the pledged and to benefit from its gaining’s. The right of retention is stated in the doctrine as the legal pledge. The right of retention arising from the realization of the legal conditions. The right of retention is a very important type of guarantee because it gives the authority to realization the goods

Efficacy of subsequent treatments in patients with hormone-positive advanced breast cancer who had disease progression under CDK 4/6 inhibitor therapy.

Background There is no standard treatment recommended at category 1 level in international guidelines for subsequent therapy after cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6) based therapy. We aimed to evaluate which subsequent treatment oncologists prefer in patients with disease progression under CDKi. In addition, we aimed to show the effectiveness of systemic treatments after CDKi and whether there is a survival difference between hormonal treatments (monotherapy vs. mTOR-based). Methods A total of 609 patients from 53 centers were included in the study. Progression-free-survivals (PFS) of subsequent treatments (chemotherapy (CT, n:434) or endocrine therapy (ET, n:175)) after CDKi were calculated. Patients were evaluated in three groups as those who received CDKi in first-line (group A, n:202), second-line (group B, n: 153) and >= 3rd-line (group C, n: 254). PFS was compared according to the use of ET and CT. In addition, ET was compared as monotherapy versus everolimus-based combination therapy. Results The median duration of CDKi in the ET arms of Group A, B, and C was 17.0, 11.0, and 8.5 months in respectively; it was 9.0, 7.0, and 5.0 months in the CT arm. Median PFS after CDKi was 9.5 (5.0-14.0) months in the ET arm of group A, and 5.3 (3.9-6.8) months in the CT arm (p = 0.073). It was 6.7 (5.8-7.7) months in the ET arm of group B, and 5.7 (4.6-6.7) months in the CT arm (p = 0.311). It was 5.3 (2.5-8.0) months in the ET arm of group C and 4.0 (3.5-4.6) months in the CT arm (p = 0.434). Patients who received ET after CDKi were compared as those who received everolimus-based combination therapy versus those who received monotherapy ET: the median PFS in group A, B, and C was 11.0 vs. 5.9 (p = 0.047), 6.7 vs. 5.0 (p = 0.164), 6.7 vs. 3.9 (p = 0.763) months. Conclusion Physicians preferred CT rather than ET in patients with early progression under CDKi. It has been shown that subsequent ET after CDKi can be as effective as CT. It was also observed that better PFS could be achieved with the subsequent everolimus-based treatments after first-line CDKi compared to monotherapy ET