Helicobacter pylori primary and secondary genotypic resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin detection in stools: A 4-year scenario in Southern Italy

Antibiotic resistance has become an emerging problem for treating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Clarithromycin and levofloxacin are two key antibiotics used for its eradication. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with genotypic resistance analysis in stools to both clarithromycin and levofloxacin in the last four years to evaluate time trends, both in naive and failure patients. Patients collected a fecal sample using the THD fecal test device. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect point mutations conferring resistance to clarithromycin (A2142C, A2142G, and A2143G in 23S rRNA) and levofloxacin (substitutions at amino acid position 87 and 91 of gyrA). One hundred and thirty-five naive patients were recruited between 2017-2020. Clarithromycin resistance was detected in 37 (27.4%). The time trend did not show any significant variation from 2017 to 2020 (p = 0.33). Primary levofloxacin resistance was found in 26 subjects (19.2%), and we observed a dramatic increase in rates from 2017 (10%) to 2018 (3.3%), 2019 (20%), and 2020 (37.8%). Ninety-one patients with at least one eradication failure were recruited. Secondary resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin was found in 59 (64.8%) and 45 patients (59.3%), respectively. In conclusion, our geographic area has a high risk of resistance to clarithromycin. There is also a progressive spreading of levofloxacin-resistant strains

Therapeutic Strategies in HCC: Radiation Modalities

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comply with an advanced disease and are not eligible for radical therapy. In this distressed scenario new treatment options hold great promise; among them transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial metabolic radiotherapy (TAMR) have shown efficacy in terms of both tumor shrinking and survival. External radiation therapy (RTx) by using novel three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy has also been used for HCC patients with encouraging results while its role had been limited in the past for the low tolerance of surrounding healthy liver. The rationale of TAMR derives from the idea of delivering exceptional radiation dose locally to the tumor, with cell killing intent, while preserving normal liver from undue exposition and minimizing systemic irradiation. Since the therapeutic efficacy of TACE is being continuously disputed, the TAMR with 131I Lipiodol or 90Y microspheres has gained consideration providing adequate therapeutic responses regardless of few toxicities. The implementation of novel radioisotopes and technological innovations in the field of RTx constitutes an intriguing field of research with important translational aspects. Moreover, the combination of different therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy offers captivating perspectives. We present the role of the radiation-based therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who are not entitled for radical treatment

Olmesartan Associated Enteropathy: Usefulness of Video Capsule Endoscopy in a Case With Doubtful Upper Endoscopic/Histological Picture

BACKGROUND: Olmesartan, an antihypertensive drug, may be associated with a severe "sprue-like enteropathy". OBJECTIVES: To report a case of Olmesartan enteropathy demonstrated by video capsule endoscopy distally from the second duodenum along with the whole small bowel before and after drug withdrawal. CASE PRESENTATION: A 81-years-old man was referred for asthenia, chronic watery diarrhea and anasarca (ascites, pleural effusion and edemas of superior and inferior limb). The only comorbidity was hypertension treated with Olmesartan. All causes of infective and inflammatory chronic diarrhea were investigated and excluded. Upper endoscopy was normal; histological examination of the second portion of the duodenum showed moderate and patchy infiltration of lymphocytes at mucosal and intra-epithelial level with intermittent partial villous atrophy. The possibility of adverse drug reaction, estimated by Naranjo scale, showed a score of 7, indicating a strong probability. Olmesartan was then withdrawn. However, because of severe clinical general condition, we preferred to corroborate our diagnostic work-up by a non-invasive investigation, i.e. video capsule endoscopy, which showed jejunal and ileal mucosal alterations (mosaic pattern, diffuse hyperemia, severe edema, consequent apparent reduced lumen, diffuse thickening of intestinal folds, multiple erosions, patchy lymphangectasia). After 14 days, the resolution of anasarcatic state and hydroelectrolytic imbalances was observed. Nine months later, small-bowel video-capsule demonstrated mild mucosal hyperaemia and mosaic pattern. CONCLUSION: Our case could give new insights in the field of Olmesartan associated enteropathy by highlighting the possibility of distally main lesion location and, therefore, the usefulness of video capsule endoscopy in the presence of doubtful diagnostic features

Therapeutic strategies in HCC: Radiation modalities

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comply with an advanced disease and are not eligible for radical therapy. In this distressed scenario new treatment options hold great promise; among them transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial metabolic radiotherapy (TAMR) have shown efficacy in terms of both tumor shrinking and survival. External radiation therapy (RTx) by using novel three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy has also been used for HCC patients with encouraging results while its role had been limited in the past for the low tolerance of surrounding healthy liver. The rationale of TAMR derives from the idea of delivering exceptional radiation dose locally to the tumor, with cell killing intent, while preserving normal liver from undue exposition and minimizing systemic irradiation. Since the therapeutic efficacy of TACE is being continuously disputed, the TAMR with 131I Lipiodol or 90Y microspheres has gained consideration providing adequate therapeutic responses regardless of few toxicities. The implementation of novel radioisotopes and technological innovations in the field of RTx constitutes an intriguing field of research with important translational aspects. Moreover, the combination of diffierent therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy offers captivating perspectives. We present the role of the radiation-based therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who are not entitled for radical treatment

Exogenic poisoning in children assisted in a pediatric emergency unit Intoxicaciones exógenas en niños atendidos en una unidad de emergencia pediátrica Intoxicações exógenas em crianças atendidas em uma unidade de emergência pediátrica

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of all exogenic poisoning cases in children assisted in a pediatric emergency unit in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from April to September 2006. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of exogenic poisoning in 0-12 aged children treated at Centro de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (Pernambuco Toxicological Assistance Center). The data were collected through interviews and by consulting patients' records. RESULTS: 26 cases of accidental exogenic poisoning were registered, mainly males (65.4%). Regarding age, children under five years old were the most affected (65.4%). Medication was involved in 50.0% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Accidental exogenic poisoning affecting children younger than five years of age stands out as a significant public health problem. As a member of a multiprofessional health team, the nurse plays an important role in health education and in the measures to prevent child poisoning.<br>OBJETIVO: Describir las características epidemiológicas de los casos de intoxicaciones exógenas en niños atendidos en una unidad de emergencia pediátrica de Recife (PE), en el período de abril a setiembre del 2006. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de los casos de intoxicaciones exógenas ocurridos en niños del grupo etáreo de 0 a 12 años de edad notificados en el Centro de Asistencia Toxicológica de Pernambuco. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas y consultas a las fichas de atención hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Fueron registrados 26 casos de intoxicación exógena accidental. Predominó el sexo masculino (65,4%) siendo el grupo etáreo de menores de cinco años de edad el más afectado (65,4%). Los medicamentos estaban involucrados en el 50,0% de los casos. CONCLUSIÓN: La intoxicación exógena accidental de niños, sobre todo en menores de cinco años es un problema de salud pública que requiere medidas preventivas para evitar que ocurra en la infancia.<br>OBJETIVO: Descrever as características epidemiológicas dos casos de intoxicações exógenas em crianças atendidas em uma unidade de emergência pediátrica do Recife (PE), no período de abril a setembro de 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo dos casos de intoxicações exógenas ocorridos em crianças na faixa etária de 0 a 12 anos de idade notificados no Centro de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas e consultas às fichas de atendimento hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 26 casos de intoxicação exógena acidental. Predominou o sexo masculino (65,4%) e a faixa etária dos menores de cinco anos de idade foi a mais acometida (65,4%). Os medicamentos estavam envolvidos em 50,0% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A intoxicação exógena acidental de crianças, sobretudo em menores de cinco anos é um problema de saúde pública que requer medidas preventivas para evitar sua ocorrência na infância