Characterization of cholinesterase activities for pesticide exposure in food animals

The primary aim of the work described in this thesis is to establish a foundation for the applicability of a biochemical biomarker, cholinesterase (ChE) activity in food animal species, as an instrument for evaluating exposure to pollutants as well as predicting high-level effects on public health. Secondary aims are to increase the awareness of pesticide users of anti-ChE exposure, to decide whether poisoning episodes involve anti-ChE by measuring residual effects in tissues, and to identify sources of contamination in food animal tissues. The ChE are specialized carboxylic ester hydrolases that break down esters of choline. They are classified as either acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Both AChE and BChE activities were found to be higher in cattle than in sheep and higher in erythrocytes than in plasma and serum. The anticoagulant heparin significantly affects AChE activity in plasma compared with EDTA. Of the different tissue tested, the mean of ChE activities was found to be highest in tissue from the liver, followed by lung, muscle, kidney and heart for sheep and cattle. In pigs, the ChE activities tested higher in kidney, liver, lung, muscle and heart. The effect of freezing on ChE activities in liver and muscle tissues was significant inhibition after 6 months at -80 °C, whereas decreased after 3 months at -20 °C. A technique to improve the purification of AChE in sheep tissue was developed. BW284c51 strongly reduced acetylthiocholine iodide (AcTChI) and propionylthiocholine iodide (PrTChI) hydrolysis and slightly affected that of butyrylthiocholine iodide (BuTChI) in the liver, while iso-OMPA had no significant effect for muscle BuTChI of sheep and pigs. Histochemical study of liver tissue found AChE localised mainly in the cytoplasm of the cell lining in the sinusoids. The optimal pH values of AChE and BChE in liver and muscle ranged between 7.8 and 8.5. Both AChE and BChE activities increased when increase the time course and temperature. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was found to be higher for carbaryl than dichlorvos (DDVP) and diazinon (DZN). Very little residual AChE activity was seen in the liver, but more was found in muscles. In general, the rate constants of inhibition (ki) values for liver and muscles were increased in different pHs according to the rank order of 8.5 > 7.5 > 6.5, while in plasma it was decreased in different temperatures as follows: 20 °C > 30 °C > 40 °C. The final experiments were carried out at the rate of spontaneous reactivation (ks) of inhibited AChE by DDVP and DZN from liver and muscle was found to be higher in sheep compared to cattle and pig, while the aging of phosphorylated AChE (ka) was found to be higher in cattle compared to sheep and pig. In addition, this study indicated that the developed bispyridinium symmetric (K048) oxime seems to be promising reactivated to DDVP-inhibited AChE for sheep and pigs while HI-6 was effective in cattle.The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/ Republic of Ira

Effect of the Partial Replacement of Meat with Some Legumes such as (Chickpeas) on Some of the Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of the Manufactured Burger

Local fresh veal meat of a year-old calf has been used with chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) in burger manufacturing with mixing percentage of (100% veal meat) (T1) with (50% flour of non-boiled chickpeas +50% veal meat) (T2). (50% boiled chickpeas + 50% veal meat) (T3) with, (75% flour of non-boiled chickpeas +25% veal meat) (T4) with (75% Boiled chickpeas+25% veal meat) (T5) and (25% flour non-boiled chickpeas + 25% cooked chickpea +50% veal meat) (T6). The results showed that the moisture content in the processed burger tablets, according to the first treatment where of the highest values recorded as it was (61.86%), while the fourth treatment has recorded the lowest values of (24.14%). The percentage of protein in the treatment, the fourth has recorded the lowest values of (19.25%), whereas the fifth-treatment recorded less values of (9.11. %). The percentage of fat in treatment, the first recorded the highest values of (3.18 %), while the fifth-treatment recorded lower values of (6.82%). The percentage of carbohydrates in the treatment where the fourth recorded the highest values of (42.46%), and the lowest values were the first treatment as it was (zero %).   The results showed that the Ash the second treatment recorded the highest values ​​of (90.2%), while the first treatment recorded the lowest values ​​of (1.10%). Fiber percentage in the treatment, the fourth treatment recorded the highest values ​​of (2.55%), while the first treatment recorded the lowest values of (zero %). The results showed the caloric value in the treatment, the fourth treatment recorded the highest values ​ of (74.328. kilo calories / 100 g), while the fifth-treatment recorded the least values of (181.74 kilo calories / 100 g). Values of the free fatty acids, the first treatment recorded the highest values ​​of (2.02%), while the fifth-treatment recorded lower values ​​of (0.68%). ​PH treatment, the fifth recorded the highest values ​​of (9 0.3), while the first recorded the lowest values of (6.6). The study showed that changes after cooking showed that the method of frying by oil has led to a greater drop in the tablet weight ranged between (28.25% - 13.30 %) while change in the diameter of tablets ranged between (24.17% -91.22 %), and the change in the thickness of the tablets ranged between (85.20% -33.28%). The results of the sensory assessment of the studied qualities have shown tenderness evaluation rate of (7.5) the taste was (7.8) the smell and the flavor were (7.3) texture was (7.4) the juiciness was (8.3) and the general satisfaction was (7.7) out of (9.0) degrees which indicates that the manufactured product has got a good rate for all the studied sensory qualities

Assessment of Nurses Knowledge Regarding Nursing Care for Patients with Burn

The main purpose from this study was to identify Sociodemographic characteristics of burn nurses, compare their knowledge concerning burn and nursing care, burn treatment, their experiences and complications of burn between both Azady Teaching hospital/Kirkuk City and Western Emergency hospital/Hawler City. A comparative study, using the assessment approach was conducted on nurses from 12th June, 2011 to 17th July, 2012. A purposive (non-probability) sample of (20) nurses (males and females) whom working in burn center at both Azadi Teaching hospital/Kirkuk City and Western Emergency hospital/Hawler City were selected for the study. A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of the study; it was comprised of (5) parts: part (1) Sociodemographic characteristics; part (2) training course; part (3) nurses knowledge concerning burn and nursing care; part (4) treatment of burn; part (5) knowledge of complications, by using the scale (I know, Uncertain, I don’t know) for comparing their knowledge concerning burn and nursing care, treatment , and complications of burn, while for nurses training courses used the scale (Yes , No). Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, mean of scores). Knowledge of the nurses in items of parts (3, 4, 5) are determined as following: (adequate = 2.33 – 3), (moderately adequate = 1.67 - 2.32), and (inadequate = 1 - 1.66). The findings of the study showed that an age group (30 – 35) year represents the greater percentage (45.0 %) at Azady Teaching hospital in compare to Western Emergency hospital, in which (60%) of their nurses were at age group (24 – 29). Males highly represented at both Azady hospital (75%) and Western hospital (70%). Medical institutes graduated nurses represent (55%) in Azady hospital while (80%) at Western hospital, nurses had worked for (<1) year at both Azady hospital (55%) and Western hospital (45%) (15) nurses weren’t take part in training course, (10) nurses were attended to continuous nursing education lectures of burn care and only (2) nurses were sent for session out of country, while at Western Emergency hospital, (14) nurses share in training course, (11) nurses were attended to continuous nursing education lectures of burn care and only (1) nurse were sent for session out of country. The average mean of scores of nurses knowledge at Azady hospital was (2.32) against (2.61) for Western hospital, while the average mean of scores of their knowledge of treatment was (2.34) against (2.37) for Western hospital and regarding the complications of burn was (2.11) against (2.1) for Western hospital. In conclusions, the nurses knowledge of burn and nursing care were moderately adequate at Azady hospital in compare to adequate knowledge at western hospital knowledge regarding treatment showed adequate knowledge at both hospitals, and their knowledge of complication of burn were moderately adequate at both hospitals. Recommendation from this study is to establishment a protocol concerning nursing care of burn patients in burn center, training the nursing staff in developed centers whether inside or out of country. Put a policy that limits nurses transferring between different unites in the hospital. Keywords: Assessment, Nurses, Knowledge, Burn

Anatomical and Histological Study of Glands in Uterine cervix of Black Goat (Capra hircus)

The purpose of this study was to look for morphological and histological effects of the glands in the uterine cervix uteri of indigenous goat as well as study the evidenced by light microscopy. Simple tubular, branched glands were observed in the cervix uteri of the indigenous goats. It was concluded that the cervical mucus in the goat was produced by the cervical glands in addition to the surface epithelium of cervical mucosal lining. Finally, results obtained from these studies may suggest the suitability of uterine cervix glands for produced the cervical mucus in black goat tissues. Key words: Black goat, glands, anatomical, histologica

Comparison between the Effects of Malathion and Deltamethrin to Cholinesterase Activity in Rabbits

The evaluation of the inhibitory effect of malathion and the deltamethrin on cholinesterase activity in the blood plasma and brain in rabbits was measured by using modified Michel and Ellman methods together in order to confirm the results and to increase the accuracy of measurement have been measuring the cholinesterase activity in vitro and in vivo. Malathion concentrations ranged from(0.5 ــ 4 mM) when mixed with the blood plasma and the homogenize of the brain in vitro results significant inhibition in the cholinesterase activity and found highest of inhibition was 93% and 94% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, while deltamethrin concentrations ranged from(2.5ــ20 mM) results significant inhibition in the cholinesterase activity and highest percentage of inhibition was 54% and 48% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, and so when measuring cholinesterase using the Ellman method, but when using the modified Michel method the inhibition percentage when using malathion was 55% and 98% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, and when using deltamethrin ratio was 36% and 70% in the blood plasma and brain respectively. While when malathion administered orally in rabbits, with doses from (150ــ1200 mg/kg) results significant inhibition  in the cholinesterase activity and highest of inhibition when measuring by Ellman method was 84% and 88% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, while deltamethrin when administered orally with doses ranged from (12.5ــ100 mg/kg) the highest inhibition was 31% and 33% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, whereas when measured by using modified Michel method found highest inhibition when malathion administered orally 75% and 87% in the blood plasma and brain respectively, whereas when deltamethrin administered orally found highest inhibition 32 % and 45% in the blood plasma and brain respectively. From this study shows that malathion more influence on the cholinesterase activity than deltamethrin

Effect of storage methods on viability of some hepatic enzymes in farm animals

In the course of a study of serum hepatic enzymes in the ruminants with storage effect was discovered, whose serum contained an Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which was indistinguishable from sheep, cattle, and goats. However, the fundamental storage study of these enzymes is poorly understood in farm animals. Therefore this paper was aimed to determine the relations of two storage methods. The same enzyme was demonstrated in high concentration in the cattle and its linear decreases during storage over 8 weeks in all three animals tested. This single case demonstrates the possibility that elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in animals with -20 oC can be of neoplastic rather than of hepatic storage at 5 oC

Experimental Measurements for the Effect of Dilution Procedure in Blood Esterases as Animals Biomarker for Exposure to OP Compounds

Organophosphate compounds can bind to carboxylesterase, which may lower the concentration of organophosphate pesticides at the target site enzyme, cholinesterase. It is unclear from the literature whether it is the carboxylesterase affinity for the organophosphate and/or the number of carboxylesterase molecules that is the dominant factor in determining the protective potential of carboxylesterase. The fundamental dilutions and kinetic effects of esterase enzyme are still poorly understood. This study aims to confirm and extend our current knowledge about the effects of dilutions on esterases activities in the blood for birds with respect to protecting the enzyme from organophosphate inhibition. There was significantly higher esterases activities in dilution 1 : 10 in the all blood samples from quail, duck, and chick compared to other dilutions (1 : 5, 1 : 15, 1 : 20, and 1 : 25) in all cases. Furthermore, our results also pointed to the importance of estimating different dilutions effects prior to using in birds as biomarker tools of environmental exposure. Concentration-inhibition curves were determined for the inhibitor in the presence of dilutions 1 : 5, 1 : 10, plus 1 : 15 (to stimulate carboxylesterase). Point estimates (concentrations calculated to produce 20, 50, and 80% inhibition) were compared across conditions and served as a measure of esterase-mediated detoxification. Results with well-known inhibitors (malathion) were in agreement with the literature, serving to support the use of this assay. Among the thiol-esters dilution 1 : 5 was observed to have the highest specificity constant (kcat/Km), and the Km and kcat values were 176 μM and 16,765 s-1, respectively, for S-phenyl thioacetate ester, while detected in dilution 1 : 15 was the lowest specificity constant (kcat/Km), and the Km and kcat values were 943 μM and 1154 s-1, respectively, for acetylthiocholine iodide ester

A Method for Fast Assessment of OP/CB Exposure in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Using Combined Esterases Enzyme Activity as Biomarkers

The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of different esterase activities in plasma and liver for Japanese quail and to combine determination of both carboxylesterase and cholinesterase as biochemical biomarker in order to identify the effects of carbamate and organophosphate compounds exposure. Carboxylesterase exhibits larger sensitivity to carbamate and organophosphate compounds than to cholinesterase and is present at higher levels. This permitted nature and distribution of carboxylesterase or cholinesterase to be measured. One predominant toxicological form of enzyme level constant in its patterns of motivation and inhibition with cholinesterase was identified in plasma with an apparent Michaelis constant for butyrylthiocholine iodide of 0.394 mM. Carboxylesterase activity in liver was considered by its preferential hydrolysis of the S-phenyl thioacetate. A concentration dependent decrease of carboxylesterase and cholinesterase has demonstrated during in vitro incubation of malathion, parathion, and trichlorfon in the range 0.125–2 mM, while with methomyl was in the range 0.25–4 mM. When quail (n=15) was exposed orally for 48 h to concentrations of carbamate or organophosphate compounds of 3–200 mg/kg, the percentage inhibition of cholinesterase was in each case larger than that of carboxylesterase and reached statistical significance (P<0.05) at lower concentrations

Alteraciones de algunos biomarcadores sanguíneos causadas por nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio y papel mitigador del aceite de ajo

Employing nanoparticles in many consumer industries makes them questionable in terms of safety for human health. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the harmful effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on some hematological parameters, and then evaluate the ameliorated role of garlic oil. This study was conducted on 28 male rats, they were divided into 4 groups as follows: Con, which included healthy animals used as control. Tio2-N, which included rats poisoned with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Tio2-N + Gar contained intoxicated rats with a combined treatment with garlic oil. Gar, included rats supplied with garlic oil only. After collecting blood from the sacrificed animals, blood tests were performed. Rats dosed with Tio2-N showed a clear reduce in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean body size, mean muscle hemoglobin, mean muscle hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, and platelet count, versus a significant increase in white blood cell count compared to the control animals. However, with the co-administration of garlic oil with Tio2-N, a clear improvement in blood disorders was observed. Thus, garlic oil demonstrated its attenuating effect against Tio2-N -induced hematological changes in a rat model.El empleo de nanopartículas en muchas industrias de consumo las hace cuestionables en términos de seguridad para la salud humana. El propósito de este estudio experimental fue investigar los efectos nocivos de las nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio en algunos parámetros hematológicos y luego evaluar el papel mejorado del aceite de ajo. Este estudio se realizó en 28 ratas macho, se dividieron en 4 grupos de la siguiente manera: Con, que incluía animales sanos utilizados como control. Tio2-N, que incluía ratas envenenadas con nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio. Tio2-N + Gar contenía ratas intoxicadas con un tratamiento combinado con aceite de ajo. Gar, incluidas las ratas suministradas solo con aceite de ajo. Después de recolectar sangre de los animales sacrificados, se realizaron análisis de sangre. Las ratas a las que se administró Tio2-N mostraron una clara reducción en el recuento de glóbulos rojos, la concentración de hemoglobina, el tamaño corporal medio, la hemoglobina muscular media, la concentración de hemoglobina muscular media, el valor de hematocrito y el recuento de plaquetas, frente a un aumento significativo en el recuento de glóbulos blancos en comparación con los animales testigos. Sin embargo, con la coadministración de aceite de ajo con Tio2-N, se observó una clara mejoría en los trastornos sanguíneos. Así, el aceite de ajo demostró su efecto atenuante contra los cambios hematológicos inducidos por Tio2-N en un modelo de rata

Evaluation of certain important biochemical parameters in school-age children infected with Enterobius vermicularis

The current study is objective to estimate some biochemical tests in children who infected with E. vermicularis. The current study was performed among children aged 1-9 years in Kirkuk city, Iraq. 90 children were used in current experiment at March to September 2021. The outcomes of this study demonstrated that the s.ferrtin levels significantly lower in infected children compared with control group. Also, the results demonstrated that vitamin D3 levels significantly lower in infected children compared with control group. The vitamin B12 levels also show significantly reduces in infected children compared with control group. Its concluded that E. vermicularis infection lead to significant (P&lt;0.05) in levels of vitamins and ferritin