TEKNIK PENYUSUNAN ARAH DAN KEBIJAKAN UMUM APBD

In implementing regional autonomy in a broad, tangible, and responsible manner, budget reform is needed. The main aspect of budget reform is the budget of the traditional budget for the performance budget, and one component that must be developed within the framework of budget implementation is to compile the General Budget Directions and Policies. General directions and policies are a guideline for regional governments in carrying out various public service activities in order to effectively achieve their goals and objectives. APBD General Direction and Policy. Service components and expected level of approval in each area of authority. Local Government will carry out one fiscal year. Preparation of APBD Direction and General Policy, must consider the Regional Strategic Plan, the results of the evaluation of the performance of the previous period of the government, the main ideas of the Regional Budget and directions from the central government. Directions and APBD General Policies that are compiled must receive instructions and general provisions approved by the APBD. In the performance budget system, APBD Direction and General Policy besides being a budget planning instrument are also the basis for evaluating regional financial performance

Nirmal Sengupta. A New Institutional Theory of Production: An Application. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. Hardbound. Indian Rs 495.00.

Human interactive behaviour is determined by certain norms and accepted codes of conduct at all levels of social contact. These rules of behaviour define the parameters of social institutions such as marriage and family. However, behavioural patterns hold importance not only at personal levels but also in the life of a community or society. Resultantly, we observe the evolution of institutions in all spheres of economic and social significance. Due to their complexity and intricacy, institutions have found the interest of all social scientists, each analysing it under his/her own respective microscope

Adaptive Gravitational Gossip in Monitoring the Joint Battlespace Infosphere

Future USAF operations will be heavily dependent on having the right information at the right time, and Joint Battlespace Infospheres (JBIs) are poised to fill that role. To do this, JBIs must be ubiquitous -- always accessible, secure and responsive. Of all the literature written regarding JBIs, the most important problem to solve in order to make JBIs work in mobile scenarios are scalability, reliability and adaptability to changing battlefield conditions. This paper explores the use of SBCast, a novel adaptive probabilistic protocol and a delivery mechanism for JBI updates and as a possible solution towards guaranteeing these qualities. It documents tests of SBCast within a simulation environment configured with parameters based on actual military field operations. From these tests, the paper examines SBCast as an enhancer to JBI\u27s ability for overcoming transient network failures while managing different classes of subscribers by available bandwidth and priorities. By using the feedback from SBCast as a middleware layer controller, JBIs would be able to dial up traffic for parts of the network and dial down traffic in others based on dynamic changes in network congestion or traffic demands

Analysis of Local Community Ecological Knowledge on Mangrove Ecotourism Development in Talaga Yenelo, Sagea Village, North Weda District Central Halmahera District

Local ecological knowledge is knowledge and beliefs that are largely derived from observations of the ecological processes of resources in the surrounding area and the various factors that influence them based on the logical interpretation of local communities. Local ecological knowledge has an important role in informing sound spatial, spatial and temporal management approaches for marine spatial planning. The aim of this research is to identify the ecological knowledge of local communities regarding the mangrove ecosystem and 2) Community perceptions regarding the management of mangrove ecotourism in Talaga Yenelo in Sagea Village and 3). The level of perception of local communities regarding Ecotourism activities. The method used in this research is determining the sample in this research using a purposive sampling method, namely respondents who participate are deliberately selected by researchers according to the criteria of research respondents. To determine people's knowledge and perceptions, it is based on a Likert scale assessment system and multiple linear regression analysis to see the influence of several independent variables on one dependent variable. The research results show that the people of Sagea and Kiya villages have better knowledge of the local ecology of mangrove forests, especially mangrove habitat, factors of mangrove damage and the impact of mangrove damage compared to the function of mangroves. with the level of utilization of the mangrove ecosystem in the villages of Sagea and Kiya varying greatly. While understanding of mangrove ecotourism activities is very minimal, they agree with the ecotourism activities carried out. Therefore, there is a need for follow-up action from the government regarding mangrove forest management based on the mangrove forest environment

The spin glass transition of the three dimensional Heisenberg spin glass

It is shown, by means of Monte Carlo simulation and Finite Size Scaling analysis, that the Heisenberg spin glass undergoes a finite-temperature phase transition in three dimensions. There is a single critical temperature, at which both a spin glass and a chiral glass orderings develop. The Monte Carlo algorithm, adapted from lattice gauge theory simulations, makes possible to thermalize lattices of size L=32, larger than in any previous spin glass simulation in three dimensions. High accuracy is reached thanks to the use of the Marenostrum supercomputer. The large range of system sizes studied allow us to consider scaling corrections.Comment: 4 pages, 4 Postscript figures, version to be published in Physical Review Letter

Consumers’ Perceptions on Food Safety of Vegetables in Davao City, Philippines

The food safety issue has become a public health priority. Serious outbreaks have been reported over the past few decades because of eating unsafe food. Food-borne diseases such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) pose a serious threat to consumers. However, there is a dearth of study of consumer perceptions in the Philippines regarding food safety of vegetables. Therefore, this study investigated how consumers define food safety and analyzed their purchasing habits. A household survey of 300 respondents, 100 each from low-, middle-, and high-income groups, was conducted. The study selected ampalaya (bitter gourd), pechay (bok choy), and lettuce for the valuation scenario since these vegetables are more exposed to pesticides. We found that all income groups are more concerned with the visual appeal of the vegetables. This included the appearance, freshness, cleanliness, and presence of physical damages. The low-income group bought vegetables from the wet market at least twice a week and has less awareness of food safety. The low-income respondents were price conscious and had the highest average quantity of ampalaya purchased (0.69 kg). They rarely bought lettuce and were not particular on the food safety labels and brand names. Meanwhile, the middle-income group purchase vegetables from the wet market and supermarket weekly. This income group bought the highest average quantity of pechay (0.48 kg) and lettuce (0.72 kg). They defined food safety as “clean vegetables,” and some have started to be food safety conscious by purchasing vegetables that are organic, food safety labelled, and well packaged. Similarly, majority of the high-income group bought vegetables from the supermarket weekly and were more concerned about food safety. They defined food safety as “proper food handling” and thought that food safety in vegetables meant naturally grown, organic, and chemical/pesticide-free vegetables. Based on the results, vendors should wash vegetables to take away residues such as dirt and biotic and nonbiotic contaminants to satisfy consumers’ expectations and to generate consumer loyalty. The results of the study show that for the wet market, transactions in volumes should be continued and enhanced to provide low prices for the consumers. For the supermarket, innovation in food products can be done through the inclusion of food safety labels and certifications in the packaging of the vegetables sold

Modulation of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Spatiotemporal Signalling Components: Influence on Pathway Activation Behaviour Using an Agent Based Model

The subtleties of how the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase works (MAPK) biochemical signalling pathway works, its emergent oscillatory behaviour and sensitivity is explained though an analysis of a computational agent based model that takes into account the distribution of the MAPK cascade components into multiple compartment

Spin and chirality orderings of the one-dimensional Heisenberg spin glass with the long-range power-law interaction

The ordering of the one-dimensional Heisenberg spin glass interacting via the long-range power-law interaction is studied by Monte Carlo simulations. Particular attention is paid to the possible occurrence of the ``spin-chirality decoupling'' for appropriate values of the power-law exponent \sigma. Our result suggests that, for intermediate values of $\sigma$, the chiral-glass order occurs at finite temperatures while the standard spin-glass order occurs only at zero temperature.Comment: Proceedings of the Highly Frustrated Magnetism (HFM2006) conference. To appear in a special issue of J. Phys. Condens. Matte