On Tone and Morphophonology of the Akan Reduplication Construction

Reduplication in Akan has received some discussion in the literature but all the studies have concentrated on some aspects of segmental processes that operate on the base to generate the output. In this paper, we study the morphological, segmental and tonal processes related to reduplicative construction in Akan. We demonstrate that on the basis of tonal perturbations which bases and reduplicative templates undergo, and the output tone melody of the reduplicated form vis-à-vis the tone melody of the base, we are able to tell the base from the reduplicant in the Akan reduplicative structure. We argue in the central portions of this paper that the reduplicant in Akan could be either prefixed or suffixed to the base and, in the course of further reduplication construction, it could be sited within the two constituent tokens of the original reduplicative output which serves as an unmarked base for further reduplication. This piece of information counterexemplifies the assertion in the existing literature that in the Akan reduplication construction, the reduplicant is invariably prefixed to the base. In this paper, we study reduplication of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and lexical reduplication and demonstrate that words belonging to the same class behave tonally the same

Where have all the consonantal phonemes of Akan gone?

No Abstract. Animal Production Research Advances Vol. 1(2) 2004: 21-4

Hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a panel of ten largest hydroelectricity consumers

This paper explores the long-run and causal relationships between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth for a panel of the 10 largest hydroelectricity consuming countries over the period 1965 to 2012. The countries include Brazil, Canada, China, France, India, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Turkey and the U.S.A. Using the Bai and Perron (2003) tests for cointegration, the results indicate that real GDP per capita and hydroelectricity consumption per capita appear to be cointegrated around a broken intercept. Granger causality results from a nonlinear panel smooth transition vector error correction model suggest different results depending on the regimes, which we identified based on structural break tests. The test identified three breaks at 1988, 2000 and 2009. For the pre-1988 period, there is evidence of unidirectional causality running from real GDP per capita to hydroelectricity per capita in both the short- and long-run. Over the post-1988 period, there exists evidence of bidirectional causality between hydroelectricity energy consumption per capita and real GDP per capita in both the short- and the longrun. The results imply the existence of a feedback hypothesis with both hydroelectricity consumption and growth promoting each other in more recent periods, as the importance of hydroelectricity as a renewable energy, has become more prominent.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rser2017-09-30hb2016Economic