Distribución del ingreso y pobreza en México 1992-2006

65 páginas. Maestría en Economía.En este trabajo se mide y se analiza a la pobreza y a la desigualdad por individuos en México a partir de 1992 hasta 2006. Las series utilizadas se construyeron con información de las Encuesta Nacionales Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares que realiza el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Los índices calculados son el Coeficiente de Gini y la Brecha de pobreza FGT; para la elaboración de las líneas de pobreza necesarias para el cálculo del índice FGT se tomó como referencia las canastas determinadas por el Comité para la Medición de la Pobreza en México. Los resultados obtenidos, a pesar de seguir en lo posible la metodología oficial, difieren con los de otras investigaciones y sobre todo en la incidencia de la pobreza

Disparities in entrepreneurship indicators across EU countries

The levels and characteristics of entrepreneurship differ widely across EU member countries due to diverse cultural, educational, economic-financial and institutional reasons. Taking as reference data provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), this paper analyzes the disparities in entrepreneurship indicators among the EU member countries in 2007 and 2013, highlighting the most significant changes occurred during the Great Recession. For this purpose, some of the major indices of inequality have been calculated, namely the Gini, Theil and Atkinson indices. In addition, the change in the Gini coefficient between these two years is additively decomposed into mobility and progressivity components, and growth incidence curves of some key indicators of entrepreneurial activity are estimated. Overall, we find that inequality among countries in most entrepreneurial attitude and aspiration indicators tends to diminish over the period 2007-2013. For all indicators the reduction is more generalized across the efficiency-driven economies than across the innovation-driven economies.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Entrepreneurship and Economic Liberalization in the OECD Countries

Entrepreneurship displays remarkable differences across countries because of diverse factors. In this sense, it is frequently argued that economic liberalization encourages entrepreneurship. In this paper we address the extent to which economic freedom, understood as market economy oriented institutions and policies, matters for entrepreneurial activity through a panel data analysis for 78 countries during the period 2001-2012. We examine the relationship between the Fraser Institute’s economic freedom index and its five areas, and three entrepreneurial activity indicators from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, namely total entrepreneurial activity, necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship. Economic freedom seems to increase opportunity entrepreneurship and decrease necessity entrepreneurship. Focusing on the OECD countries, we highlight that economic freedom is positively associated with entrepreneurship. In terms of entrepreneurship motivation, we find that a more flexible regulation of credit, labor and business, as well as entrepreneurial attitudes, may contribute to enhance opportunity entrepreneurshipUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Examinig the roloe of economic liberalization in entrepeneurship: a cross-country study

In the last few decades some authors have underlined the role of institutions and policies for entrepreneurship. North (1990) underlines that entrepreneurs are the main agents of change and that organizations, such as firms set up by entrepreneurs, adapt their activities and strategies to fit the opportunities and limitations provided through formal and informal institutional frameworks. Baumol (1990) hypothesizes that entrepreneurial individuals channel their efforts in different directions depending on the quality of prevailing economic, political, and legal institutions. Sobel (2008) asserts that better institutions have both more productive entrepreneurship and also less unproductive entrepreneurship. He stresses that the best path to foster entrepreneurship is through institutional reforms that constrain or minimize the role of government. In this context, economic freedom may be seen as a significant aspect for entrepreneurial activity and it is frequently argued that economic liberalization encourages entrepreneurship. In this paper we address the extent to which economic freedom, understood as market economy oriented institutions and policies, matters for entrepreneurial activityUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Solución sólida en micas sintetizadas hidrotermlamente a partir de caolinita a 400ºC

La transformación de caolinita en mica dioctaédrica ha sido descrita y sintetizada en diferentes condiciones de temperatura, pH y ambientes químicos (Chermark y Rimstidt, 1990; Huang, 1993; Bauer et al., 1998; Bentabol et al., 2003, 2006a). Sin embargo, la transformación de la caolinita en micas trioctaédricas no ha sido estudiada. No obstante, la biotita se ha sintetizado a partir de geles a altas temperaturas (Hewitt y Wones, 1975; Frank-Kamenetskii et al., 1990; Papin et al., 1997; Boukili et al., 2015). El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido investigar la sustitución de Al por Mg en la capa octaédrica de las micas sintetizadas a 400ºC a partir de caolinita, utilizando soluciones con diferente contenido en Mg2+ y en Na+ y/o K+. Los resultados obtenidos mediante DRX y TEM son coherentes y complementarios, ya que el TEM permite, además, discriminar aspectos composicionales y confirma que en la asociación mica+serpentina- Al+caolinita-Mg obtenida a partir de la caolinita a 400 ºC, las micas neoformadas se caracterizan por una composición muy variada (Tabla 2). El incremento del contenido en Mg2+ en solución causó un incremento de la relación serpentina/mica en los productos de las reacciones, sin embargo, parece que no afecta de manera importante a las composiciones de la mica ni de la serpentina. El aumento de la relación Na/K en los sistemas ensayados con Na+K causó un relativo descenso en la presencia de los términos ricos en K.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Deep Ensembles to Improve Uncertainty Quantification of Statistical Downscaling Models under Climate Change Conditions

Recently, deep learning has emerged as a promising tool for statistical downscaling, the set of methods for generating high-resolution climate fields from coarse low-resolution variables. Nevertheless, their ability to generalize to climate change conditions remains questionable, mainly due to the stationarity assumption. We propose deep ensembles as a simple method to improve the uncertainty quantification of statistical downscaling models. By better capturing uncertainty, statistical downscaling models allow for superior planning against extreme weather events, a source of various negative social and economic impacts. Since no observational future data exists, we rely on a pseudo reality experiment to assess the suitability of deep ensembles for quantifying the uncertainty of climate change projections. Deep ensembles allow for a better risk assessment, highly demanded by sectoral applications to tackle climate change.Comment: Accepted at the ICLR 2023 Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning Worksho