Integrity Experiments for Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Wellbore Components under Cyclic CO2 Injection Conditions

Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO2. For the proper confinement of CO2, any flow of CO2 along the wellbore trajectory must be prevented using engineered barriers. The effect of cyclic stimuli on wellbore integrity, especially in the context of GCS projects, has been given less attention. In this study, the effect of pressure- and temperature-cycling on two types of wellbore composites (i.e., casing-cement and cement-caprock) have been investigated experimentally in small- and large-scale laboratory setups. The experiments have been carried out by measuring the effective permeability of the composites under pressure and thermal cyclic conditions. Furthermore, the permeability of individual samples (API class G and HMR+ cement and caprock) was measured and compared to the permeability of the composites. The results indicate that the permeability of API class G cement when exposed to CO2 is in the order of 10−20 m2 (10−5 mD) as a result of the chemical reaction between the cement and CO2. In addition, the tightness of the composite cement–rock has been confirmed, while the permeability of the composite casing–cement falls within the acceptable range for tight cement and the CO2 flow was identified to occur through or close to the interface casing–cement. Results from thermal cycling within the range −9 to 14 °C revealed no significant effect on the integrity of the bond casing–cement. In contrast, pressure cycling experiments showed that the effective pressure has a larger influence on the permeability. The potential creation of micro-cracks under pressure variations may require some time for complete closing. In conclusion, the pressure and temperature cycling from this study did not violate the integrity of the casing–cement composite sample as the permeability remained low and within the acceptable range for wellbore cement.Integrity Experiments for Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Wellbore Components under Cyclic CO2 Injection ConditionspublishedVersio

Streamlined Book Rating Prediction with Neural Networks

Abstract: Online book review platforms generate vast user data, making accurate rating prediction crucial for personalized recommendations. This research explores neural networks as simple models for predicting book ratings without complex algorithms. Our novel approach uses neural networks to predict ratings solely from user-book interactions, eliminating manual feature engineering. The model processes data, learns patterns, and predicts ratings. We discuss data preprocessing, neural network design, and training techniques. Real-world data experiments show the model's effectiveness, surpassing traditional methods. This research can enhance user experience, book catalog organization, and aid publishers, simplifying recommendation processes and providing tailored suggestions based on user preferences

Good Practices in Digital Support for Visually Impaired

Abstract In this research the level of awareness, use and needs for digital support among visually impaired individuals in North Ostrobothnia was studied. This study also mapped the use and accessibility of digital healthcare services and barriers visually impaired face using digital services. Research goal was to identify good practices to be used in developing digital support for the visually impaired. Partner in this study was The Association of Visually Impaired in North Ostrobothnia. There is established digital divide existing and possibly growing which leaves more people in danger of being excluded from rapidly advancing technology and digitalization. Government priorities including the digitalization of public services and accessibility have been written into law by EU Directive. Simultaneously, pilot-projects to increase citizen´s digital skills and develop operating model for digital support have been launched. Qualitative research methods of case-study and survey were used where participants were asked about their opinions about digitalization and increasing electronic services and their experiences accessing digital health services and using digital support. The quality and needs for digital support provided by The Association were also valuated. The study showed that barriers do exist for the visually impaired, but difficulties can vary considerably. Elderly people face more challenges with devices and their use due to inexperience with technology and effects of aging in general while young people have more often difficulties in interacting with authorities and managing procedures. The current strong identification system and lack of training platforms hinder the independent use of services. Digital support is needed and valued but availability is unequal. Design of services should start with the needs of end-user with greatest challenges considered first, to create an accessible service network that accommodates most users and requires special service only as last resort. If digital skills are considered requirements for functioning in civil society today and in the future, learning them should be made possible for everyone. The study concludes that the current operating model of digital support in the Association for the Visually Impaired in North Ostrobothnia already includes good practices, whilst being in some respect centralized. Adequate resources, aging of the visually impaired and challenges in recruiting volunteers as well as promoting awareness of the services are all challenges that must be addressed. Practices that increase the availability and accessibility of services and digital support and sharing of information between all the stakeholders to increase inclusion of visually impaired should be developed at all levels. The generally used chosen regional concept should utilize methods of service design and co-creation. Further research should be done of topics like the cost-effectiveness of accessible design of digital services, the effects of different funding structures of the Federation and Association of the Visually Impaired and the attitudes and knowledge of healthcare professionals towards visually impaired. A business model could be created to develop and promote accessibility expertise of visually impaired

EOQ optimointi Relex-järjestelmässä: optimaalisen tilauseräkoon vaikutus kustannuksiin

Tutkimuksella selvitettiin tilauseräkoon optimoinnin vaikutusta tuleviin tilausmääriin ja varastoinnin kustannuksiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää voiko tilauseräkoon määrittelyyn Relex-järjestelmässä käytettävällä EOQ optimoinnilla saada säästöjä ja tehostaa toimintaa, mistä täydennystilauksen kustannukset syntyvät ja miten palvelutaso ja varaston arvo säilyvät optimaalisena. Tutkimus toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena, jossa pyrittiin keräämään yksittäiseen tapaukseen liittyvää tietoa. Työssä oli myös kehittämistutkimuksen piirteitä, sillä sen tavoitteena oli parantaa ymmärrystä sekä kehittää ja tehostaa toimintatapoja toimeksiantajayrityksessä. Kvantitatiivinen osuus toteutettiin havainnoiden, eli toimeksiantajayrityksen järjestelmistä kerättiin tietoa analysoitavaksi. Kvalitatiivinen osuus sisälsi haastatteluja toimeksiantajayrityksen henkilöiden kanssa. Haastattelut olivat kuitenkin luonteeltaan ennemmin tiedon tarkentamista koskevia keskusteluja, eivätkä perustuneet määrämuotoisiin lomakkeisiin. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella EOQ optimoinnilla pystytään vähentämään tilausrivien määrää ja sitä kautta saatiin säästöjä käsittelykustannuksissa. Optimointiin vaadittavat varastointikustannukset selvitettiin keskivaraston avulla ja käsittelykustannukset määritettiin rivikohtaisesti. Lisäksi varaston arvo sekä riitto selvitettiin ABC analyysin avulla luokkakohtaisesti. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että käsittely- ja varastointikustannusten määrittäminen, edes suuntaa antavana lukuna, on merkityksellistä varaston ohjaamisessa ja sen kehittämisessä. Kustannusten avulla voidaan määritellä esimerkiksi optimaalinen tilauseräkoko, joka on yksi tärkeimmistä materiaalin ohjauksen tehtävistä. Myös tuotevalikoiman jatkuva analysointi on kaikille yrityksille kannattava toimenpide, jonka avulla on mahdollista määritellä erilaisia tavoitteita ja mittareita tuotteiden merkityksellisyyden perusteella. Lisäksi luokittelut tehostavat päivittäistä työtä kun tuotteiden ohjaaminen ja priorisointi voidaan tehdä hallitusti.The study examined the impact of the order batch size optimization on storage and handling costs. The aim of the study was to find out can Relex EOQ optimization generate savings and improve efficiency of operations, what are the factors causing replenishment order costs and handling costs, and how the service level target and inventory value remain at the optimal level. The study was carried out as a case study related to a single case. The study also had features of development research, as its goal was to improve understanding, and develop as well as streamline operating methods in the client company. The quantitative part was carried out through observations where data was collected from the client company's systems for analysis. The qualitative part included interviews with different people from the client company. However, the interviews were more of a discussions and refinement of information, and were not based on predetermined forms or questionnaires. Based on the results of the study, EOQ optimization can reduce the number of order lines and thus save on handling costs. The line-based handling costs required for optimization were determined, as well as storage costs with the help of average inventory. In addition, the inventory value and yield were determined by ABC category. In conclusion, it can be noted that determining of storage and handling costs, even as an indicative figure, is relevant for controlling the inventory and keeping inventory levels in adequate and appropriate level. Storage and handling costs are needed for example in determining the optimal order batch size, which is one of the most important tasks of material handling. Constant analysis of the product range is useful for any company, and makes it possible to define target levels and KPI’s. In addition, ABC classification enables controlled handling and prioritization of products in daily work

Lean Procurement Planning in ETO Projects: A Case Study of Ulstein Verft AS

Confidential until 24-May 202

Application and experimental study of Cyclic Foam Stimulation

Formation damage is a serious problem in oil and gas industries. Based on common reservoir damage, the conditions and factors resulting in damage were summarized into four categories in this paper. The worldwide advanced technologies applied in reservoir damage treatment are reviewed. For the first time, we propose the concept of injecting nitrogen foam into a formation to treat the damage caused by sand blocking. An application of Cyclic Foam Stimulation is introduced, which enhances productivity significantly. Experimental apparatus for the Cyclic Foam Stimulation was designed, which included a wellbore vessel that could stimulate the effect of sand setting. A reservoir vessel was also designed to supply the foam. Additionally, in order to simulate the formation damage caused by the size and distribution of fine sand, six artificial cores, which were porosity contrastive and sand producing, were prepared based on the technologies of pressure control and PVA membrane wrapping. The experimental results show that the foam has a good discharging effect on sand blockages. Moreover, the effects of the size and distribution of the fine sand on the porosity was studied. It was found that the smaller the size of the grains and the more uniform the grain distribution, the worse the formation porosity. A porosity recovery factor has been defined and the recovery rate of the porosity was also studied. A scientific guide for the application of Cyclic Foam Stimulation can be generated from the studies in this paper.NSERCYesIndustrial consortium in Reservoir Simulation and Modelling; Foundation CMG; Alberta Innovates

CO2 flow modeling in a coupled wellbore and aquifer system: Details of pressure, temperature, and dry-out

In order to understand the details of thermal and hydrologic processes attending CO2 injection into a deep aquifer in the context of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), we have carried out coupled well-reservoir simulations of CO2 injection using the simulator T2WELL-ECO2M. We focus on the injection of cold, dry CO2 into a warm aquifer and analyze in detail the thermal and hydraulic processes of the coupled well-reservoir system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of T2WELL in accurately modeling non-isothermal, multiphase flow, phase changes, and identifying dry-out regions in porous media. We simulated heat exchange with the ambient environment, friction effects, convection, exothermic dissolution in brine, and cooling due to both Joule-Thomson effect and water vaporization. The temperature profile within the wellbore deviated from the geothermal profile, impacting CO2 properties at the bottomhole. The simulation revealed the presence of three fronts in the formation: the CO2 saturation, thermal, and evaporation fronts. The thermal and evaporation fronts were located farther behind the saturation front, indicating limited dry-out and thermal effects near the wellbore. This simulation capability and insights gained in this study form a foundation for ongoing work such as sensitivity analyses, injection optimization, performance assessment, and operational decision support