Speed Estimation for Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor Using Extended Kalman Filter

Speed sensors are required for the Field Oriented Control (FOC) of induction motors. These sensors reduce the sturdiness of the system and make it expensive. Therefore, a drive system without speed sensors is required. This paper presents a detailed study of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for estimating the rotor speed of an Induction Motor (IM). Using MATLAB/SIMULINK software, a simulation model is built and tested. The simulation results illustrated and demonstrated the good performance and robustness of the EKF to estimate the high and low speed. Moreover, the performance of the EKF is found to be satisfactory in case there are externaldisturbances

Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Approaches for Healthcare Challenges in Pakistan

Pakistan faces tremendous challenges in providing healthcare due to a lack of consistent policymaking, increasing expenditure and exponential growth in population since its inception in 1947. These challenges are not just driven by politics, policy and allocation of resources but also by healthcare, environment and characteristics of the population biology. Clinical trials provide the best way to find population-specific, cost-effective treatments that do not merely mimic those used in wealthier nations. This article analyzes all clinical studies conducted with at least one site in Pakistan listed on ClinicalTrials.gov, combined with a short overview that considers new therapeutic approaches that can be investigated in future clinical trials. Therapies using repurposed medicines are of particular interest as they use affordable drugs that are already widely available

Robust Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean Alternatives to the Student-\u3cem\u3et\u3c/em\u3e Confidence Interval

In this paper, three robust confidence intervals are proposed as alternatives to the Student‑t confidence interval. The performance of these intervals was compared through a simulation study shows that Qn-t confidence interval performs the best and it is as good as Student’s‑t confidence interval. Real-life data was used for illustration and performing a comparison that support the findings obtained from the simulation study

Climate Change and Drought: Impact of Food Insecurity on Gender Based Vulnerability in District Tharparkar

Climate change has now become a reality that has intensified the sufferings of people living in arid ecosystems. Decrease in rainfall, rise in temperature and increase in the frequency of extreme events are some of the changes observed in the semi-arid desert of district Tharparkar. For thousands of years, people of Tharparkar are coping with drought and aridity of the land by using indigenous knowledge. However, global changes in the climatic pattern and deterioration of social and economic conditions have pushed the inhabitants of this arid region into extreme vulnerable situation. This paper investigates the link between climate-induced natural disasters, particularly drought, from the perspective of changing climate patterns which have resulted in food insecurity and water scarcity. The paper analyses the rainfall pattern in the last 38 years—dividing it into two periods i.e. from 1975-1994 and 1995-2014. The findings of the paper have challenged the prevailing notions about aridity and rainfall patterns in Tharparkar district. The research found that there is an increase in average annual precipitation in the district with erratic patterns. Thus, the nature of drought in the district has changed from its historic pattern of less or no rainfall to more but erratic rainfall that is more threatening to livelihoods of the people that in turn have multiplier effect on water and food insecurity. In particularly, women are more vulnerable in the absence of social security and lack of basic necessities for their survival amidst drought. For instance, traditionally the burden of managing water resources falls on women, which leads to an increased work load during the time of drought and also water scarcity. JEL Classification: Q54, Q56, Q25, I30 Keywords: Climate, Environment and Development, Drought, Water, Povert

A Missing Link Between Job Autonomy and Unethical Behavior

The purpose of this paper is to theoretically address a surprising omission in literature by proposing a cognitive mechanism that sanctions individual-level unethical behaviors. This secondary literature-based qualitative study fills a theoretical gap by employing an extensive review of substantive empirical and theoretical literature of the last 15 years. However, those who consider their moral identity necessary for their self-concept are less likely to behave unethically. This proposed process, along with the path suggested by previous studies, in which individuals are having job autonomy feel unconstrained by rules before engaging in unethical behaviors. So, it proposes an underlying cognitive mechanism between job autonomy and unethical behavior. This study implies that it clarifies job autonomy’s role in promoting the negative outcome of employees’ unethical behaviors and informs organizational policymakers about the importance of satisfying the need for job autonomy.JEL Classification: D23, M12, M51, O15How to Cite:Ahmed, A., Shamsi, A. F., & Aziz, M. (2020). A Missing Link Between Job Autonomy and Unethical Behavior. Etikonomi: Jurnal Ekonomi, 19(1), 95 – 118. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i1.12391

The Moderating Effect of Time Pressure on Packaging Elements and Consumer Buying Behavior: A case of Nestle Pakistan

The purpose of this study to measure whether three product packaging Elements Wrapper Design, Packaging Material and Printed Information Influences Consumer Buying Behavior or does Time Pressure shows a moderating relationship. This study determines the importance of these elements when they purchase Nestle products during short time period. In this research highlighted that companies cannot afford to ignore the importance of time constraints and packaging elements of the products on consumer Buying Behavior. The study was conduct in District Vehari, Punjab Pakistan. Data was collecting to the students of Higher Educational Institution in District Vehari. Structured Questionnaire was used that consist on five point Likert Scale. Multiple Regression Analysis, ANOVA, coefficient was used to test the variables

Profitability as the Determinant of Soft Environmental Disclosures

The profitability has been studied as the determinant of soft environmental disclosures (SED) first time in Pakistan. The Cement, Steel and Power generation sectors of Pakistan have been destroying the environment more as compared to other industries. This study finds the results of the sample of three years from 2015-2017. The Quantile regression is applied to find the impact of SED. Now the policymakers can look into the results at different quantiles. The quantile regression has been applied on 0.25 percentile, 0.50 percentile, and 0.75 percentile. The empirical results show that at every quantile the profitability is the significant positive determinant of SED

Diuretic induced hyponatremia in hypertensive patients.

Diuretics are the recommended antihypertensive by several international guidelines. This study was designed to determine the association of hyponatremia in hypertensive patients on diuretic therapy. This was a case control study conducted at the Aga KhanUniversity Hospital, Karachi in adult inpatients (\u3e 18 years) who were known hypertensive. Cases were defined as hypertensives with hyponatremia and controls were defined as hypertensives without hyponatremia. Outcome was hyponatremia. Exposed were those using diuretics. Out of 1800 hypertensive patients sampled by the ICD-9-Coding; 1191 (66%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Cases n (%) were 553 (46.4) and controls were 638 (53.5). Among 553 cases (%) 180 (32.5) were exposed (on diuretics) and in controls 189 (29.6) were exposed (on diuretics) p=0.15. The association of hyponatremia with diuretic use was not significant with OR=1.11 (95% CI=0.86 - 1.45, p=0.40), after adjusting for chronic kidney disease, ischemic heart disease and chronic liver disease, in the final model. Diuretics were not associated with hyponatremia in hypertensive adult patients in this study

Compliance to antihypertensive therapy

Objective: To determine compliance, factors affecting compliance to antihypertensive therapy and to compare compliant and non-compliant groups, in a tertiary care setting.Study Design: Analytical (cross-sectional) study.Place and Duration of Study: The outpatient clinics at the Aga Khan University from May 2004 to February 2005.Patients and Methods: Two hundred patients presenting to the outpatients clinic were included. All patients 18 years and above, who had stage 1 and 2 hypertension, had one clinic visit to a medicine clinic, 6 months prior to presentation and started on antihypertensive medicines, were included.Results: Sixty six percent were males and 33.5 % were females. Mean age was 58.1(+/-12) years and mean duration of hypertension was 7.2 (+/- 6.7) years. Fifty-seven percent were compliant and 43 % were noncompliant. In the noncompliant group, 53.4 % had mild noncompliance, 24.4 % had severe non-compliance, while 22% had moderate noncompliance. Factors of noncompliance were 56.8% missed doses due to forgetfulness, 12.7% deliberately missed their doses, 11.6% could not take the medicine due to side effects, 10.4% did not take the dose due to increased number of tablets, 4.6% were not properly counseled by the physician and 3.48% did not take medicines due to cost issues. The mean systolic blood pressure was 126 +/- 19.2 mmHg in the compliant group while it was 133 +/-16.5 mmHg in the noncompliant group p-value 0.004). The mean diastolic blood pressure in the compliant group was 76 +/- 11.9 mmHg, while in the noncompliant group it was 81.9 +/-10.9 mmHg (p-value 0.001).Conclusion: Compliance to antihypertensive therapy in a tertiary care center is significantly good. Forgetfulness was the major reason for noncompliance. The mean blood pressure control was better in the compliant group

Profitability as the Determinant of Soft Environmental Disclosures

The profitability has been studied as the determinant of soft environmental disclosures (SED) first time in Pakistan. The Cement, Steel and Power generation sectors of Pakistan have been destroying the environment more as compared to other industries. This study finds the results of the sample of three years from 2015-2017. The Quantile regression is applied to find the impact of SED. Now the policymakers can look into the results at different quantiles. The quantile regression has been applied on 0.25 percentile, 0.50 percentile, and 0.75 percentile. The empirical results show that at every quantile the profitability is the significant positive determinant of SED