Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Monitoramento de aves limícolas na Salina Diamante Branco, Galinhos, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil Monitoring of the shorebirds in Diamante Branco saline, Galinhos, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

<abstract language="eng">Monitoring of the shorebirds of the Diamanle Branco saline located at the municipality of Galinhos, in the coast of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, was initiated in 1998, with qualitative surveys, bird traps using mist net, captured and banding and field observations on the diet of some species. Parameters such as constancy were verified, specific diversity was calculated through Pearson correlation, We registered 21 species of shorebirds, as follows: Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758), Charadrius semipulmatus Bonaparte 1825, renaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758), Tringaflavipes (Gmelin, 1789), T. melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789) and Actitis macularia (Linnaeus, 1766). It was observed the reproduction of Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818, C. wilsonia Ord, 1814 and Himantopus himantopus (Müller, 1776), in the surroundings of the saline evaporation tanks. The observation of Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) in the evaporation tanks comprised the first record of the species in Northeastern Brazil. It was verified that A. interpres, T. flavipes, T. melanoleuca and Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) feed upon A rtemia franciscana (Kellog, 1996) in the first hours ofthe day in the evaporation tanks. The mean diversity comprised 2 and 3, and the results of equibility showed that the species are well distributed in the samples. A positive association was registered between Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820, C. collaris, C. wilsonia, and H. himantopus. These, in turn, associated inversely to A. interpres, A. macularia, C.pusilla and C. minutilla (Vieillot, 1819), which is possibly due to the fact that some species are resident, reproducing in the locality, with movements distinct from that specie wich migrate during the boreal winter. Traps, surveys, re-lraps, and recovers indicate that the Diamante Branco saline comprises na important area for the conservation of the shorebids

Lipid profile of lamb meat from different genotypes submitted to diets with different energy levels Perfil lipídico da carne ovina de diferentes genótipos mantidos com dietas com diferentes níveis energéticos

To assess the influence of genotype and diets with different energy levels on the lipid profile of sheep meat, 54 lambs were used (18 animals from each genotype: Morada Nova, Santa Inez and ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred), distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 &#215; 2 factorial arragement (three genotypes and two diets). The animals were submitted to two diets, 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM and 3.0 Mcal ME/kg DM, receiving feed and water to reach the desired average live weight of 30 kg, when they were slaughtered. Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids profile of the Longissimus muscle were assessed. Diet and genotype did not influence the total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids contents. The diet with the highest energy value presented higher values for the concentration of C12:0, C14:0, C18:0, C19:0, C22:0 acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in relation to that with the lowest energy value. However, for the concentrations of C15:0 acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the highest values were recorded for diet with the lowest energy value. Genotype and diet influenced significantly the MUFA concentration, in which ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred genotype and diet with 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM showed the highest values. Genotype influenced the saturated fatty acids (SFA) concentration, with ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred obtaining the lowest mean, behavior similar to that observed for PUFA concentrations. Desirable fatty acids (DFA), atherogenicity index as well as PUFA:SFA, MUFA:SFA, (C18:0 + C18:1):C16:0 ratios were influenced by diet and genotype. ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred and diet with 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM obtained the best results.<br>Para avaliar a influência do genótipo e de dietas com diferentes níveis energéticos sobre o perfil lipídico da carne ovina, foram utilizados 54 cordeiros (18 animais de cada genótipo: Morada Nova, Santa Inês e mestiço ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês) distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 &#215; 2 (três genótipos e duas dietas). Os animais foram mantidos com duas dietas (com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS ou 3,0 Mcal EM/kg MS) recebendo alimentação e água à vontade até atingirem o peso vivo médio de 30 kg, quando foram abatidos. Determinaram-se os lipídios totais, o colesterol, os fosfolipídios e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus. A dieta e os genótipos não influenciaram os teores de lipídios totais, colesterol e fosfolipídios. A dieta com maior valor energético apresentou valores mais elevados para concentração dos ácidos C12:0, C14:0, C18:0, C19:0, C22:0 e dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM) em comparação àquela com menor valor energético. As maiores concentrações do ácido C15:0 e de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGP) foram obtidas com a dieta de menor valor energético. O genótipo e a dieta influenciaram a concentração dos AGM, que foi maior nos mestiços ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês mantidos com a dieta com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS. O genótipo influenciou a concentração dos ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), uma vez que os mestiços ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês apresentaram a menor média, comportamento semelhante ao observado para as concentrações dos AGP. Os ácidos graxos desejáveis (AGD), o índice de aterogenicidade e as relações AGP:AGS, AGM:AGS, (C18:0 + C18:1):C16:0 foram influenciados pelo genótipo e pela dieta. O genótipo ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês e a dieta com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS possibilitaram os melhores resultados

Taxonomia e variação geográfica das espécies do gênero Alouatta Lacépède (Primates, Atelidae) no Brasil Taxonomy and geographic variation of species of the genus Alouatta Lacépède (Primates, Atelidae) in Brazil

Neste estudo analisou-se a variação geográfica e não-geográfica de táxons de bugios, gênero Alouatta Lacépède, 1799, que ocorrem no Brasil, com o objetivo de esclarecer a taxonomia do grupo. Para a análise morfológica, examinou-se um total de 1.286 espécimes mantidos em cinco museus brasileiros e dois norte-americanos. O material consistiu basicamente de peles, crânios e ossos hióides; esqueletos e espécimes preservados em via úmida foram escassos. O estudo se baseou na análise qualitativa dos complexos morfológicos em adição a 18 morfométicos do crânio e osso hióide. Antes das decisões taxonômicas, elaborou-se um estudo de variação geográfica, sexual, ontogenética e individual. Reconheceu-se 10 espécies de Alouatta ocorrendo no Brasil, sendo a maioria definida por caracteres discretos, porém diagnósticos. São elas: Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812), A. fusca (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812), A. clamitans Cabrera, 1940, A. belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766), A. discolor (Spix, 1823), A. ululata Elliot, 1912; A. juara (Linnaeus, 1766), A. macconnelli (Humboldt, 1812), A. puruensis Lönnberg, 1941 e A. nigerrima Lönnberg, 1941. Alouatta macconnelli e A. clamitans mostraram notável variação geográfica na coloração da pelagem e algumas variáveis morfométricas (polimorfismo) o que dificultou as definições e limites dos táxons. Alouatta belzebul apresentou variação em mosaico na coloração da pelagem. Alouatta ululata e A. puruensis foram definidas pela presença de dicromatismo sexual na pelagem, mas este caráter pode ser um artefato e necessita estudos adicionais para corroborar sua validade. Sinonimizou-se Alouatta belzebul mexianae Hagmann, 1908 com A. discolor; e a validade de Alouatta seniculus amazonica Lönnberg 1941, não foi considerada.<br>In this monograph, was studied non-geographic and geographic variation of taxa of Howling Monkeys, genus Alouatta Lacépède, 1799, occuring in Brazil, in order to solve the taxonomy of the group. For the morphological analysis, were examined a total of 1,286 specimens kept in five Brazilian and two North-American museums. The material consisted mostly of skin, skull and hyoid bone; skeleton or fluid-preserved specimens were scarse. The study was based on qualitative analysis of the morphological complexes in addition 18 morphometric characters of the skull and hyoid bone. Prior to making taxonomic decisions, was conducted a study of geographic, sexual, ontogenetic, and individual variation. Were recognized ten species of Alouatta occuring in Brazil and most of them were defined by discrete, but diagnostic characters. The species are: Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812), A. fusca (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812), A. clamitans Cabrera, 1940, A. belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766), A. discolor (Spix, 1823), A. ululata Elliot, 1912; A. juara (Linnaeus, 1766), A. macconnelli (Humboldt, 1812), A. puruensis Lönnberg, 1941, and A. nigerrima Lönnberg, 1941. Alouatta macconnelli and A. clamitans showed noticeable geographic variation on pelage coloration and some morphometric characters (polymorphism) difficulting their definition and geographic limits. Alouatta belzebul presented an accentuated geographic mosaic variation on coat coloration. Alouatta ululata and A. puruensis were defined in presenting sexual dicromism on pelage, but this character can be an artefate due the small sample and both taxa need further studies to confirm their validity. Alouatta belzebul mexianae Hagmann, 1908 was sinonimized with A. discolor; and the validity of Alouatta seniculus amazonica Lönnberg 1941 was not considered

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions. © Copyright