The Effects of Different Intensity of Thinning on the Development in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Stands in Kazakh Uplands

The search for more accurate methods of predicting the growth and development of forest stands became the most urgent task set for foresters of Kazakhstan to determine the permissible interventions in the natural course of the life of plantings, provide high durability and resilience in forests. The aim of the study was to identify the effects of diameter and density of Scots pine stands of Kazakh Uplands on their growth and productivity and the related productivity of single plantation stands taking into account the conditions of growth and development of internal factors as well as further study of the methodology for assessing the forestry cost-effectiveness and improvement thinning. To achieve this aim, effects of varied felling intensities on Scots pine stands were studied. The most common two forest types in upland Scots pine forests were chosen as permanent sample plots; the dead pine-lichen and moss pine-grass. The results showed that improvement thinning of moderate and severe intensity which are more profitable should be done in Scots pine forests of Kazakh Upland as well as carrying out such thinning increases the yield of the larger logs and increases the value of the left stand

Hawking radiation from dynamical horizons

In completely local settings, we establish that a dynamically evolving black hole horizon can be assigned a Hawking temperature. Moreover, we calculate the Hawking flux and show that the radius of the horizon shrinks.Comment: 5 Page

Thermal relaxation in charge ordered Pr0.63_{0.63} Ca0.37_{0.37} MnO3_3 in presence of a magnetic field

We report observation of substantial thermal relaxation in single crystal of charge ordered system Pr$_{0.63}$Ca$_{0.37}$MnO$_3$ in an applied magnetic field of H = 8T. The relaxation is observed when the temperature is scanned in presence of a magnetic field in the temperature interval $T_{MH}<T<T_{CO}$ where $T_{CO}$ is the charge ordering temperature and $T_{MH}$ is charge melting temperature in a field. In this temperature range the system has coexisting charged ordered insulator (COI) and ferromagnetic metallic (FMM) phases. No such relaxation is observed in the COI state in H = 0T or in the FMM phase at $T < T_{MH}$ in presence of a magnetic field. We conclude that the thermal relaxation is due to two coexisting phases with nearly same free energies but separated by a potential barrier. This barrier makes the transformation from one phase to the other time-dependent in the scale of the specific heat experiment and gives rise to the thermal relaxation.Comment: 4 pages LaTEX, 3 eps figure

Some quality traits and neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β- diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) contents of Lathyrus sp. cultivated in Turkey

In this study, 52 landraces accessions belonging to the species of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus clymenum collected from different regions of Turkey and one released variety of Lathyrus sativus were evaluated for some quality traits like seed coat color, 1000 seed weight, crude protein and neurotoxin β- N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) content. Among the investigated landraces, high variation was determined for all the investigated traits, which was attributed to both genetic as well as environmental factors. Protein content was as between 24.07 to 30.90% and β-ODAP content was as 1.35 to 3.86 mg g-1 for seed. Many landraces with low β-ODAP content (&lt; 2.00 mg g-1) and high protein content seem to be promising material for Lathyrus breeding. Furthermore, many investigated landraces showed lower β-ODAP and higher protein contents compared with the released variety. Also, the local consumption of L. sativus landraces as a food or feed was determined during the collection process.Key words: Lathyrus, landrace, protein, β-ODAP, Turkey

Seed yield and agronomic parameters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey

Nine cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes (two released cultivars and seven lines) were evaluated for grain yield and agronomic parameters at two locations within the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey for two years (2005 to 2006). Genotypes were evaluated for plant height, first pod height from ground, branches number per plant, main branch diameter, pod length, seed number per pod, thousand seed weight and seed yield. Results indicate that the effect of genotype, year and location were significant (P&lt;0.05) for many of the traits studied. Line G1 had the highest plant height (122.4 cm). Seed number per pod was higher in line G1 (9.9) than in other genotypes. Thousand seed weight ranged between 138.7 and 233.2 g. Seed yield ranged from 1,010 to 1,420 kg ha-1. The highest seed yield (1,420 kg ha-1) was obtained in cultivar Karagoz. Among locations, average values for most variables studied were higher in Samsun than in Kavak.Key words: Vigna unguiculata, seed yield, thousand seed weight, Black Se

The effects of sheep manure application time and rates on yield and botanical composition of secondary succession rangeland

This experimental study was conducted in Samsun/Turkey on a secondary succession rangeland during 2006 - 2008. Botanical composition of the experimental area consists of 28% legumes, 64% grasses, and 8% of other species. Target rates of sheep manure were 0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, and 100 kg total N ha&#8211;1, based on the manure analyses results (according to N rates in sheep manure). The sheep manure was applied at two different times. Means of 3 years of experimental period and total dry matteryield was obtained from the manure treatment of 75.0 kg N ha-1 and 50 + 50 kg N ha-1 (4153 kg ha-1, and 3813 kg ha-1, respectively). With respect to the three-year average, ratios of legumes, grasses, and otherplants ranged from 20.8 to 40.7%, 41.6 to 66.9%, and 10.7 to 20.7%, respectively. Although ratios of legumes, and other plants increased in the all of the treatments, grass ratios decreased. The crude protein content of obtained rangeland hay ranged between 107.0 and 143.0 g kg-1 in 2006, 93.0 and 123.4 g kg-1 in 2007, 116.3 and 166.4 g kg-1 in 2008. The maximum benefit was provided from the application of 75.0 kg N ha-1 with a sum of 971.2 ha-1

ANALISIS DAN IMPLEMENTASI SUPERVISED HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL (HMM) UNTUK PENENTUAN JENIS KATA DENGAN PENANGANAN OUT OF VOCABULARY (OOV) MENGGUNAKAN AFFIX TREE UNTUK BAHASA INDONESIA

ABSTRAKSI: Tugas akhir ini memaparkan hasil analisis dan implementasi dalam membangun aplikasi Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagging untuk bahasa Indonesia. Dalam pengimplementasiannya POS Tagging ini menggunakan metode Supervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) di mana terdapat data latih yang bernotasi sehingga dihasilkan parameter yang optimal. Dalam membangun aplikasi POS Tagging memakai metode Supervised HMM ini terdapat beberapa masalah yaitu penanganan Out-of-Vocabulary (OOV) dan nilai probabiilitas transisi sama dengan nol. Kedua masalah tersebut merupakan fokus dari pembuatan tugas Akhir ini. Untuk menangani nilai probabilitas transisi yang bernilai nol digunakan teknik Jelinek-Mercer Smoothing (JMS) yang nantinya dapat meminimalisir ataupun menghilangkan nilai nol pada probabilitas transisi tersebut. Dan untuk permasalahan OOV penulis menggunakan metode Affix Tree untuk menanganinya sehingga didapatkan peningkatan parameter akurasi dalam POS Tagging menggunakan metode Supervised HMM ini. Setelah dilakukan penelitian jumlah presentase OOV tidak mempengaruhi akurasi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem. Yang sangat terlihat mempengaruhi akurasi adalah pengimplementasian JMS, sehingga akurasi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil yang dihasilkan tanpa mengimplementasikan JMS. Selain itu N karakter pertama juga mempengaruhi akurasi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem.Kata Kunci : POS Tagging, JMS, Affix Tree, Supervised HMM, OOVABSTRACT: This thesis presents the results of the analysis and implementation of applications in building Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagging for Indonesian. In this implementation using POS Tagging Supervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) where there are bernotasi training data so that the resulting optimal parameters. In building applications using POS Tagging Supervised HMM method, there are some problems, namely the handling of Out-of-Vocabulary (OOV) and transition probabiilitas value equal to zero. The second problem is the focus of making this final task. To handle the transition probability value of zero is used Jelinek-Mercer Smoothing techniques (JMS) that will minimize or eliminate the value of zero on the transition probabilities. And to issues OOV Tree Affix the writer used to treat it, is associated with an increase in POS tagging accuracy parameters using the Supervised HMM. After doing research, the number does not affect the accuracy of OOV percentage generated by the system. Highly visible affect accuracy is JMS implementation, so that the accuracy produced by the system is higher than the results generated without implementing JMS. Beside that, the first N characters also affect accuracy generated by the system.Keyword: POS Tagging, JMS, Affix Tree, Supervised HMM, OO

Optimizing Quantize-Map-and-Forward Relaying for Gaussian Diamond Networks

We evaluate the information-theoretic achievable rates of Quantize-Map-and-Forward (QMF) relaying schemes over Gaussian $N$-relay diamond networks. Focusing on vector Gaussian quantization at the relays, our goal is to understand how close to the cutset upper bound these schemes can achieve in the context of diamond networks, and how much benefit is obtained by optimizing the quantizer distortions at the relays. First, with noise-level quantization, we point out that the worst-case gap from the cutset upper bound is $(N+\log_2 N)$ bits/s/Hz. A better universal quantization level found without using channel state information (CSI) leads to a sharpened gap of $\log_2 N + \log_2(1+N) + N\log_2(1 + 1/N)$ bits/s/Hz. On the other hand, it turns out that finding the optimal distortion levels depending on the channel gains is a non-trivial problem in the general $N$-relay setup. We manage to solve the two-relay problem and the symmetric $N$-relay problem analytically, and show the improvement via numerical evaluations both in static as well as slow-fading channels