6 research outputs found
Estimating PM 2.5 concentrations in Xi'an City using a generalized additive model with multi-source monitoring data
© 2015 Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) represents a severe environmental problem and is of negative impact on human health. Xi'an City, with a population of 6.5 million, is among the highest concentrations of PM2.5 in China. In 2013, in total, there were 191 days in Xi'an City on which PM2.5 concentrations were greater than 100 μg/m3. Recently, a few studies have explored the potential causes of high PM2.5 concentration using remote sensing data such as the MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product. Linear regression is a commonly used method to find statistical relationships among PM2.5 concentrations and other pollutants, including CO, NO2, SO2, and O3, which can be indicative of emission sources. The relationships of these variables, however, are usually complicated and non-linear. Therefore, a generalized additive model (GAM) is used to estimate the statistical relationships between potential variables and PM2.5 concentrations. This model contains linear functions of SO2 and CO, univariate smoothing non-linear functions of NO2, O3, AOT and temperature, and bivariate smoothing non-linear functions of location and wind variables. The model can explain 69.50% of PM2.5 concentrations, with R2 = 0.691, which improves the result of a stepwise linear regression (R2 = 0.582) by 18.73%. The two most significant variables, CO concentration and AOT, represent 20.65% and 19.54% of the deviance, respectively, while the three other gas-phase concentrations, SO2, NO2, and O3 account for 10.88% of the total deviance. These results show that in Xi'an City, the traffic and other industrial emissions are the primary source of PM2.5. Temperature, location, and wind variables also non-linearly related with PM2.5
Estimación de la concentración media diaria de material particulado fino en la región del Complejo Industrial y Portuario de Pecém, Ceará, Brasil
A exposição ao material particulado fino (MP2,5) está associada a inúmeros
desfechos à saúde. Desta forma, monitoramento da concentração ambiental
do MP2,5 é importante, especialmente em áreas amplamente industrializadas,
pois abrigam potenciais emissores do MP2,5 e de substâncias com potencial de
aumentar a toxicidade de partículas já suspensas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é estimar a concentração diária do MP2,5 em três áreas de influência do
Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém (CIPP), Ceará, Brasil. Foi aplicado
um modelo de regressão não linear para a estimativa do MP2,5, por meio de
dados de profundidade óptica monitorados por satélite. As estimativas foram
realizadas em três áreas de influência (Ai) do CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante – Ai I, Paracuru e Paraipaba – Ai II e Caucaia – Ai III, no período de
2006 a 2017. As médias anuais das concentrações estimadas foram inferiores
ao estabelecido pela legislação nacional em todas as Ai (8µg m-3). Em todas as
Ai, os meses referentes ao período de seca (setembro a fevereiro) apresentaram
as maiores concentrações e uma predominância de ventos leste para oeste. Os
meses que compreendem o período de chuva (março a agosto) apresentaram as
menores concentrações e ventos menos definidos. As condições meteorológicas
podem exercer um papel importante nos processos de remoção, dispersão ou
manutenção das concentrações do material particulado na região. Mesmo com
baixas concentrações estimadas, é importante avaliar a constituição das partículas finas dessa região, bem como sua possível associação a efeitos adversos à
saúde da população local.Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with numerous negative health outcomes.
Thus, monitoring the environmental concentration of PM2.5 is important, especially in heavily
industrialized areas, since they harbor potential
emitters of PM2.5 and substances with the potential
to increase the toxicity of already suspended particles. This study aims to estimate daily concentrations of PM2.5 in three areas under the influence of
the Industrial and Port Complex of Pecém (CIPP),
Ceará State, Brazil. A nonlinear regression model
was applied to estimate PM2.5, using satellitemonitored optical depth data. Estimates were
performed in three areas of influence (Ai) of the
CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante – AiI, Paracuru
and Paraipaba – AiII, and Caucaia – AiIII), from
2006 to 2017. Estimated mean annual concentrations were lower than established by Brazil’s national legislation in all three Ai (8µg m-³). In all
the Ai, the months of the dry season (September to
February) showed the highest concentrations and
a predominance of east winds, while the months
of the rainy season (March to August) showed
the lowest concentrations and less defined winds
Weather conditions can play an important role in
the removal, dispersal, or maintenance of concentrations of particulate matter in the region. Even
at low estimated concentrations, it is important
to assess the composition of fine participles in this
region and their possible association with adverse
health outcomes in the local population.La exposición al material particulado fino (MP2,5)
está asociada a innumerables problemas de salud.
Por ello, la supervisión de la concentración ambiental del MP2,5 es importante, especialmente en
áreas ampliamente industrializadas, puesto que
albergan potenciales emisores de MP2,5 y de sustancias con potencial de aumentar la toxicidad
de partículas ya suspendidas. El objetivo de esta
investigación es estimar la concentración diaria
del MP2,5 en tres áreas de influencia del Complejo Industrial y Portuario de Pecém (CIPP), Ceará,
Brasil. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión no lineal
para la estimación del MP2,5, mediante datos de
profundidad óptica supervisados por satélite. Las
estimaciones fueron realizadas en tres áreas de influencia (Ai) del CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante
– Ai I, Paracuru y Paraipaba – Ai II y Caucaia
– Ai III en el período de 2006 a 2017. Las medias
anuales de las concentraciones estimadas fueron
inferiores a lo establecido por la legislación nacional en todas las Ai (8µg m-³). En todas las Ai, los
meses referentes al período de sequía (de setiembre
a febrero) presentaron las mayores concentraciones y una predominancia de vientos este a oeste,
los meses que comprenden el período de lluvia
(marzo a agosto) presentaron las menores concentraciones y vientos menos definidos. Las condiciones meteorológicas pueden ejercer un papel importante en los procesos de eliminación, dispersión o
mantenimiento de las concentraciones del material
particulado en la región. Incluso con bajas concentraciones estimadas es importante que se evalúe la
constitución de las partículas finas de esta región,
así como su posible asociación con efectos adversos
para la salud de la población local
Reduced ultrafine particle levels in São Paulo’s atmosphere during shifts from gasoline to ethanol use
International audienceDespite ethanol's penetration into urban transportation, observational evidence quantifying the consequence for the atmospheric particulate burden during actual, not hypothetical, fuel-fleet shifts, has been lacking. Here we analyze aerosol, meteorological, traffic, and consumer behavior data and find, empirically, that ambient number concentrations of 7–100-nm diameter particles rise by one-third during the morning commute when higher ethanol prices induce 2 million drivers in the real-world megacity of São Paulo to substitute to gasoline use (95% confidence intervals: +4,154 to +13,272 cm −3). Similarly, concentrations fall when consumers return to ethanol. Changes in larger particle concentrations, including US-regulated PM2.5, are statistically indistinguishable from zero. The prospect of increased biofuel use and mounting evidence on ultrafines' health effects make our result acutely policy relevant, to be weighed against possible ozone increases. The finding motivates further studies in real-world environments. We innovate in using econometrics to quantify a key source of urban ultrafine particles