14 research outputs found
An apparently normal gamma-ray burst with an unusually low luminosity
Much of progress in gamma-ray bursts has come from the studies of distant
events (redshift z~1). The brightest GRBs are the most collimated events and
seen across the Universe due to their brilliance. It has long been suspected
that nearest (and most common) events have been missed because they are not so
collimated or under-energetic or both. Here we report soft gamma-ray
observations of GRB 031203, the nearest event to date (z=0.106). This event
with a duration of 40 s and peak energy of >190 keV appears to be a typical
long duration GRB. However, the isotropic gamma-ray energy <~10^50 erg, about
three orders of magnitude smaller than the cosmological population. This event
as well as the other nearby but somewhat controversial event GRB 980425 are
clear outliers for the much discussed isotropic-energy peak-energy relation and
luminosity spectral-lag relations. Radio calorimetry shows that both these
events are under-energetic explosions. We conclude that there does indeed exist
a large population of under-energetic events.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae
that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high
velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated
with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether
X-ray flashes - analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer
gamma-rays - can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are
intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst,
is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of
the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218.
Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but
more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta
velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups,
which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova
radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that
XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB
observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes
and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are
probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.Comment: Final published versio
An investigation of the phase locking index for measuring of interdependency of cortical source signals recorded in the EEG
The phase locking index (PLI) was introduced to quantify in a statistical sense the phase synchronization of two signals. It has been commonly used to process biosignals. In this article, we investigate the PLI for measuring the interdependency of cortical source signals (CSSs) recorded in the Electroencephalogram (EEG). To this end, we consider simple analytical models for the mapping of simulated CSSs into the EEG. For these models, the PLI is investigated analytically and through numerical simulations. An evaluation is made of the sensitivity of the PLI to the amount of crosstalk between the sources through biological tissues of the head. It is found that the PLI is a useful interdependency measure for CSSs, especially when the amount of crosstalk is small. Another common interdependency measure is the coherence. A direct comparison of both measures has not been made in the literature so far. We assess the performance of the PLI and coherence for estimation and detection purposes based on, respectively, a normalized variance and a novel statistical measure termed contrast. Based on these performance measures, it is found that the PLI is similar or better than the CM in most cases. This result is also confirmed through analysis of EEGs recorded from epileptic patients
Development of Peasant Farms in Central Russia
The article looks at peasant farms in Tambov Oblast, a typical Central Russian region, discussing the legal framework for private farming, the regional land policies, and the socio-economic factors that encourage or inhibit the development of peasant farms. The data collected in an ongoing original survey are used to analyse the growth of peasant farms, the use of inputs, the activity portfolio, the level of commercialisation, and the efficiency of production during 1992â2002. The conclusion is that, under the prevailing conditions, individual farming cannot be expected to expand beyond its limited present scope by attracting broader strata of the rural population. Comparative Economic Studies (2005) 47, 101â114. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ces.8100079