Family History and Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status in a Spanish Cohort

Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease that impacts racial/ethnic groups differently. Differences in genetic composition, lifestyles, reproductive factors, or environmental exposures may contribute to the differential presentation of breast cancer among Hispanic women.A population-based study was conducted in the city of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. A total of 645 women diagnosed with operable invasive breast cancer between 1992 and 2005 participated in the study. Data on demographics, breast cancer risk factors, and clinico-pathological characteristics of the tumors were collected. Hormone receptor negative tumors were compared with hormone receptor postive tumors on their clinico-pathological characteristics as well as risk factor profiles.Among the 645 breast cancer patients, 78% were estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) or progesterone receptor-positive (PR+), and 22% were ER−&PR−. Women with a family history of breast cancer were more likely to have ER−&PR− tumors than women without a family history (Odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.91–2.26). This association was limited to cancers diagnosed before age 50 (Odds ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.34–5.81).An increased proportion of ER−&PR− breast cancer was observed among younger Spanish women with a family history of the disease

NCAA ATHLETIC DIRECTORS' SELF-PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL/TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP

The purpose of this study was to examine NCAA athletic directors' (ADs') perceptions of their own leadership styles as they relate to the five dimensions of transformational leadership and the three dimensions of transactional leadership. The research instrument was the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) with added demographic questions. In addition to the determination of the self-perceived athletic director leadership style the intention of this study was to determine the possible relationship of demographic and institutional variables including athletic director NCAA Division age and gender. Participants were the athletic directors from NCAA Division I II and III member higher education institutions. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics t-tests and one-way ANOVAs to examine the research question. The results found significant differences among the institutional variable of NCAA Divisions. A one-way ANOVA demonstrated that transformational leadership traits of intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation set Division I ADs apart from ADs within Divisions II and III. The findings of the study may have significance for intercollegiate ADs in offering an increase in the understanding of their own leadership style. Thus the AD can move between both transformational and transactional leadership traits depending on a specific task. The findings of the study may also provide a benefit for college and university presidents by hiring and increasing retention of ADs through matching leadership style with the needs and mission of the intercollegiate athletic department.