The role of socializing agents on dropout and continuing participation of adolescent girls in male-dominated sports

Findings indicate that sports have positive effects on young girls’ cognitive and social skills, as well as on their mental and physiological states (Beets &Pitetti, 2005; Blom, Bronk, Coakley, Lauer & Sawyer, 2013). However, the participation of young girls in sport, and especially in male-dominated sports, declines dramatically during adolescence. Male-dominated sports are sports which comprise face-to-face competition, physical contact and reward body-size, strength and toughness. Beginning at a very young age, society reinforces each individual's behavior and activities corresponding to his or her gender role. These gender-roles reflect beliefs about attributes of men and women. In this fashion, male-dominated sports include attributes that are socially associated with the masculine-role, leading to the perception that being female is incompatible with engaging in male-dominated sports (Desertain & Weiss, 1988; Miller & Levy, 1996; Green, 2010). As a result, females who engage in sport experience a female-athlete paradox: either to undermine her femininity and satisfy her own interests, or to repress her desires to play and live up to social norms (Ross & Shinew, 2008). This paradox is particularly noticeable during early-adolescence, a time when many girls decide to dropout of male-dominated sports. Socialization is a process in which an individual learns and internalizes cultural norms (Weiss & Glenn, 1992). One factor that influences both socialization into sport and socialization out of sport is the socializing agent. Socializing agents are people who have a significant influence on the practices and thoughts of other people, and they transmit social norms and values by their perceptions (validation support), their behavior (role modeling and companionship support) and interpretation of these experiences (emotional, esteem, informational, and instrumental support). Exposing boys and girls to separate, gendered experiences, because of gender-related social norms, prevents them from opportunities to discover their various interests and talents (Eccles & Harold, 1991). Because socialization processes occur in a cultural context and because gender-related norms vary among cultures, it is important to identify cultural influences on young girls’ and socializing agents’ expectancies and values about participation in male-dominated sports. An investigation of this process can help us establish an optimal environment for young girls to engage in male-dominated sports. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the role of socializing agents on dropout and continuing participation of young adolescent girls in male-dominated sports. To accomplish this, Israeli and US female young adults who played organized sports during their early-adolescence, were recruited. The participants completed a questionnaire about the social support experience as early-adolescent participants in sports, and their participation status (dropout or continuing participation) at late-adolescence. Results revealed that girls who engaged in male-dominated sports received greater social support than those who participated in neutral and feminine sports. In addition, girls who continued participation during late-adolescence were provided with more social support than girls who dropped out. Finally, American girls who engaged in male-dominated sports were provided with greater social support than Israeli girls

Dysregulated Nephrin in Diabetic Nephropathy of Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Study

Podocyte specific proteins are dysregulated in diabetic nephropathy, though the extent of their expression loss is not identical and may be subject to different regulatory factors. Quantifying the degree of loss may help identify the most useful protein to use as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy.Protein expression of synaptopodin, podocin and nephrin were quantified in 15 Type 2 diabetic renal biopsies and 12 control patients. We found statistically significant downregulation of synaptopodin (P<0.0001), podocin (P = 0.0002), and nephrin (P<0.0001) in kidney biopsies of diabetic nephropathy as compared with controls. Urinary nephrin levels (nephrinuria) were then measured in 66 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 10 healthy controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA). When divided into groups according to normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria, nephrinuria was found to be present in 100% of diabetic patients with micro- and macroalbuminuria, as well as 54% of patients with normoalbuminuria. Nephrinuria also correlated significantly with albuminuria (rho = 0.89, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (rho = 0.32, p = 0.007), and correlated negatively with serum albumin (rho = -0.48, p<0.0001) and eGFR (rho = -0.33, p = 0.005).These data suggest that key podocyte-specific protein expressions are significantly and differentially downregulated in diabetic nephropathy. The finding that nephrinuria is observed in a majority of these normoalbuminuric patients demonstrates that it may precede microalbuminuria. If further research confirms nephrinuria to be a biomarker of pre-clinical diabetic nephropathy, it would shed light on podocyte metabolism in disease, and raise the possibility of new and earlier therapeutic targets

Physical activity and the prevention, reduction, and treatment of alcohol and/or substance use across the lifespan (The PHASE review): protocol for a systematic review

Alcohol and substance use results in significant human and economic cost globally and is associated with economic costs of £21 billion and £15billion within the UK, respectively, and trends for use are not improving. Pharmacological interventions are well researched, but relapse rates across interventions for substance and alcohol use disorders are as high as 60–90%. Physical activity may offer an alternative or adjunct approach to reducing rates of alcohol and substance use that is associated with few adverse side effects, is easily accessible, and is potentially cost-effective. Through psychological, behavioural, and physiological mechanisms, physical activity may offer benefits in the prevention, reduction, and treatment of alcohol and substance use across the lifespan. Whilst physical activity is widely advocated as offering benefit, no systematic review exists of physical activity (in all forms) and its effects on all levels of alcohol and substance use across all ages to help inform policymakers, service providers, and commissioners.Alcohol and substance use results in significant human and economic cost globally and is associated with economic costs of £21 billion and £15billion within the UK, respectively, and trends for use are not improving. Pharmacological interventions are well researched, but relapse rates across interventions for substance and alcohol use disorders are as high as 60–90%. Physical activity may offer an alternative or adjunct approach to reducing rates of alcohol and substance use that is associated with few adverse side effects, is easily accessible, and is potentially cost-effective. Through psychological, behavioural, and physiological mechanisms, physical activity may offer benefits in the prevention, reduction, and treatment of alcohol and substance use across the lifespan. Whilst physical activity is widely advocated as offering benefit, no systematic review exists of physical activity (in all forms) and its effects on all levels of alcohol and substance use across all ages to help inform policymakers, service providers, and commissioners

تدخل نحوي اللغة في محادثة اللغة العربية عند سنتري معهد العصر كونتور دار السلام الثالث كاديري

مستخلص البحث عند عصر العولمة، تطور مجال العلوم والتكنولوجي بسرعة كبيرة. من أجل تحقيق التوازن بين هذه القدرات، أصبحت قدرة معرفة اللغة الأجنبية مطلبًا خاصة اللغة العربية والإنجليزية. بين تعاون الدولي تلعب اللغة الأجنبية دورًا مهمًا للغاية. تتماشى مع وظيفة اللغة كأداة تواصل لجميع الإنسان، سواء من حيث التفاعل بين الإنسان إلى حد توجيه الأفكار. لذلك يجب على المؤسسة التعليمية تحسين جودة التعليم لطلابها، خاصة فيما يتعلق بتعلم اللغة الأجنبية. يتم ذلك بالتأكيد من أجل جودة الطلاب ليكونوا قادرين على المنافسة في المستقبل. من خلال تزويد الطلاب بمهاورة اللغة العربية واللغة الإنجليزية أن يصبحوا إنسانا يتمتعون بقدرة اللغة المزدوجة، خاصة إذا أضافوا مهاراتهم في اللغة الأمة، وهي اللغة الإقليمية واللغة الوطنية (اللغة الإندونيسية). الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد شكل التدخل النحوي للغة العربية الذي حدث في فصل الثاني معهد العصر دار السلام كونتور 3 كاديري. إضافة إلى عوامل التي تسبب التدخل النحوي باللغة العربية، وسيلة للتغلب على التدخل. هذا البحث هو بحث نوعي مع نموذج النهج الوصفي الذي يهدف إلى وصف البيانات في شكل التدخل النحوي الإندونيسي باللغة العربية الذي يحدث في في فصل الثاني معهد العصر دار السلام كونتور 3 كاديري. إضافة إلى ذلك، تصف هذه الدراسة أيضًا العوامل التي تسببت في حدوث تداخل نحوي إندونيسي باللغة العربية في محادثة السانتري في في فصل الثاني معهد العصر دار السلام كونتور 3 كاديري. أظهرت النتائج تداخلًا نحويًا للغة العربية التي حدثت في في فصل الثاني معهد العصر دار السلام كونتور 3 كاديري في شكل تدخل الصرفي والنحوي. تم العثور على عوامل التي تسبب التداخل النحوي 5 النتائج لكل واجهة، ويقترح الباحث حلولًا للتغلب على حدوث التداخل النحوي الذي يحدث في في فصل الثاني معهد العصر دار السلام كونتور 3 كاديري ي شكل تجديد النظام ، واستخدام الأساليب، وممارسة مهارة الكلام. ABSTRACT In the current era of globalization, the field of science to technology has developed very rapidly. For the sake of balancing these capabilities, the ability of foreign language knowledge becomes a demand, including Arabic and English. In international cooperation, foreign languages have a very important role. This is in line with the function of language as a communication tool for all humans, both in terms of relationships between people to channel thoughts. So education institutions should improve the quality of education for their students, especially in terms of foreign language learning. This is done of course for the sake of the quality of students can compete in the future. Equipping students with Arabic and English language skills is expected to make them human beings who have dual language skills, or various languages especially if added to their native language skills, namely regional languages, and national language, Indonesian. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of grammatical interpretation of Arabic that occurred in the class 2 modern cottage Darus Salam Gontor 3 Kediri, as well as the factors that caused the grammatical interference in Arabic, a way to overcome the interference. This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach model that aims to describe the data in the form of Indonesian grammatical interference in Arabic that occurs in Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor III Kediri. Besides this, this study also describes the factors that caused the occurrence of Indonesian grammatical interference in Arabic in the santri conversation in Pondok Modern Darussalam III Gontor Kediri. The results showed a grammatical interference of the Aarab language that occurred in the class 2 modern Darus Salam Gontor 3 Kediri in the form of morphological and syntactic interference. The factors that cause gramnatical interference are found 5 points per interface, and researchers propose solutions to overcome the occurrence of grammatical interference that occurs in the class 2 modern pondok Darus Gontor 3 Kediri in the form of system renewal, the use of methods, and the practice of speaking. ABSTRAK Pada era globalisasi saat ini, bidang ilmu pengetahuan hingga teknologi mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Demi menbimbangi kemampuan tersebut maka kemampuan pengetahuan bahasa asing menjadi tuntutan, tak terkecuali bahasa arab dan bahasa inggris. Dalam kerjasama internasional bahasa asing memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Hal ini searah dengan fungsi bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi seluruh manusia, baik dalam hal pergaulan antar sesama hingga dalam hal menyalurkan pikiran. Maka sudah seharusnya lembaga pendidikan meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan kepada anak didiknya terutama dalam hal pembelajaran bahasa asing. Hal ini dilakukan tentunya demi kualitas anak didik dapat bersaing dimasa depan. Dengan membekali peserta didik ketrampilan bahasa arab dan bahasa inggris diharapkan menjadikan mereka manusia yang memiliki kemampuan dwi bahasawan, atau aneka bahasawan terlebih jika ditambah kemampuan bahasa ibu mereka masing-masing yaitu bahasa daerah, dan bahsa nasional yaitu bahasa indonesia Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk interfernsi gramatikal bahasa Arab yang terjadi terhadap kelas 2 pondok modern Darus Salam Gontor 3 Kediri, begitu juga foktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya interfensi gramatikal bahasa Arab, sekligus cara mengatasi terhadap terjadinya interferensi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan model pendekatan deskriptif yang bertujuan mendeskripsikan data berupa interferensi gramatikal bahasa Indonesia dalam bahasa Arab yang terjadi di lingkungan Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor III Kediri. Selain tu, penelitian ini juga mendeskripsikan faktor penyebab terjadinya interferensi gramatikal bahasa Indonesia dalam bahasa Arab pada percakapan santri di lingkungan Pondok Modern Darussalam III Gontor Kediri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya sebuah bentuk interferensi gramatikal bahasa Aarab yang terjadi pada kelas 2 pondok modern Darus Salam Gontor 3 Kediri yang berupa interferensi morfologi dan interferensi sintaksis. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan interferensi gramnatikal ditemukan 5 point setiap interfernsi, dan peneliti mengajukan solusi untuk mengatasi terjadinya interfernsi gramatikal yang terjadi pada kelas 2 pondok modern Darus Salam Gontor 3 Kediri berupa pembaharuan sistem, penggunaan metode, dan praktek maharatul kalam