Energy-Efficient Hybrid Powered Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G

Owing to the ever-increasing energy consumption, energy efficiency (EE) is an important parameter for next generation 5G network. The Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is a viable solution for tackling 5G network problems in an energy-efficient manner. Integrating renewable energy with C-RAN can be a powerful tool for reducing operating costs and carbon dioxide emission. But, the regional unpredictability and intermittency nature of renewable energy can result in energy outages and worsening the service quality. As a consequence, the most reliable way is to combine commercial grid supplies with renewable energy. In this paper, we proposed a network model for the downlink C-RAN with hybrid power supplies. The goal of the proposed hybrid supply with solar and grid energy collaboration is to optimize the use of renewable solar energy by reducing grid Power Consumption (PC) and, most significantly, enhancing energy efficiency and preserving service quality. A comprehensive analysis is performed to evaluate EE performance of the proposed C-RAN under a variety of network settings. The numerical results affirm the proposed C-RAN models establishing a significant improvement in network EE compared to the conventional one

Causes and incidence of community-acquired serious infections among young children in south Asia (ANISA): an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: More than 500 000 neonatal deaths per year result from possible serious bacterial infections (pSBIs), but the causes are largely unknown. We investigated the incidence of community-acquired infections caused by specific organisms among neonates in south Asia. METHODS: From 2011 to 2014, we identified babies through population-based pregnancy surveillance at five sites in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. Babies were visited at home by community health workers up to ten times from age 0 to 59 days. Illness meeting the WHO definition of pSBI and randomly selected healthy babies were referred to study physicians. The primary objective was to estimate proportions of specific infectious causes by blood culture and Custom TaqMan Array Cards molecular assay (Thermo Fisher, Bartlesville, OK, USA) of blood and respiratory samples. FINDINGS: 6022 pSBI episodes were identified among 63 114 babies (95·4 per 1000 livebirths). Causes were attributed in 28% of episodes (16% bacterial and 12% viral). Mean incidence of bacterial infections was 13·2 (95% credible interval [CrI] 11·2-15·6) per 1000 livebirths and of viral infections was 10·1 (9·4-11·6) per 1000 livebirths. The leading pathogen was respiratory syncytial virus (5·4, 95% CrI 4·8-6·3 episodes per 1000 livebirths), followed by Ureaplasma spp (2·4, 1·6-3·2 episodes per 1000 livebirths). Among babies who died, causes were attributed to 46% of pSBI episodes, among which 92% were bacterial. 85 (83%) of 102 blood culture isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, or a combination of these drugs. INTERPRETATION: Non-attribution of a cause in a high proportion of patients suggests that a substantial proportion of pSBI episodes might not have been due to infection. The predominance of bacterial causes among babies who died, however, indicates that appropriate prevention measures and management could substantially affect neonatal mortality. Susceptibility of bacterial isolates to first-line antibiotics emphasises the need for prudent and limited use of newer-generation antibiotics. Furthermore, the predominance of atypical bacteria we found and high incidence of respiratory syncytial virus indicated that changes in management strategies for treatment and prevention are needed. Given the burden of disease, prevention of respiratory syncytial virus would have a notable effect on the overall health system and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Significance of Biochemical Difference between Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome with UTI and without UTI

Background: Nephrotic syndrome is one of most common renal disease in childhood and infection is one of the most important complication in this disease. Infection increase the mortality and morbidity of this type of patients. Most common infection is UTI. So through this study we can able to determine biochemical difference between childhood nephrotic syndrome with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and with out UTI patients and its clinical significance.&#x0D; Objective: To determine the biochemical different in childhood nephrotic syndrome patients and its relation with urinary tract infection.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: It is prospective study done in pediatric department in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, 60 patient of both sex age between 1-12 years, diagnosed as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with and without UTI were included in this study. Data collection ware done by history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations and followed up. Patients were followed up till cure of UTI and remission of proteinuria. After data collection statistical analysis were done by computerized software.&#x0D; Results: In our study we found there were biochemical difference between childhood nephrotic syndrome with UTI and without UTI patients. In patients of nephrotic syndrome with UTI serum albumin decrease significantly and serum cholesterol increase significantly than nephritic syndrome without UTI patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Child with nephrotic with UTI patients had lower serum albumin and higher serum cholesterol than nephrotic syndrome without UTI patients and it effect the morbidity mortality of this patients.&#x0D; KYAMC Journal.2021;12(1): 22-25</jats:p

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS: A CASE STUDY ON THE FARMERS, HOSPITAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS, BANGLADESH

The study was conducted to find out the level of environmental awareness of the farmers, hospital and industrial workers at Tangail Sadar Upazila in Tangail District, Bangladesh. The study included a questionnaire survey on a total of 390 respondents including 130 farmers, 130 hospital workers and 130 industrial workers in relation to their perception and awareness about several global and local environmental issues. Among the respondents 48.4% farmers were illiterate while all of the hospital and industrial workers passed the minimum level of education i.e. primary level. Only 12.1% and 6.6% of the hospital and industrial workers, respectively, completed their graduation whereas no farmer was found who completed the graduation. The study showed that the extent of environmental awareness varies among people at different occupational levels. The level of environmental awareness among the hospital workers was quite satisfactory than other groups of respondents. Industrial workers have comparatively better idea as their level of education was quite better than the farmers. Moreover, 33.6%, 58.2% and 35.6% of the farmers, hospital and industrial workers, respectively, participated in different awareness rising programs. The result of the study depicted that the hospital workers are much more conscious about different environmental issues than the others as their educational background was comparatively higher and also as they have participated comparatively in large number of environmental programs

18F FDG PET-CT Imaging in the Evaluation of Diagnosed Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Objectives: Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) presents with atypical symptoms and heterogeneous clinical features. Management of EPTB including diagnosis, localization, extension and monitoring treatment response of active disease is quite challenging. Moreover, localization of active disease, differentiation between active and latent disease by conventional methods is troublesome. So this study was done to evaluate the metabolic activity of active disease by 18F Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET-CT in diagnosed cases of EPTB patients.&#x0D; Patients and methods: A total of 17 patients with EPTB were included in this study. FDG PET-CT scan was performed to evaluate the metabolic activity of tubercular lesions before anti-TB treatment. Clinical features, biochemical changes including ESR, WBC count, CRP, MT test and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of most intense FDG avid lesions and sizes were recorded in 18F FDG PET-CT scan.&#x0D; Results: All 17 patients (09 female, 08 male) had lymph node involvement, two had bone TB and two had abdominal TB. Active TB lesions showed increased FDG uptake in extra-pulmonary tubercular lesions in 16 patients. The mean SUVmax value of the involved lymph nodes were 9.4 ± 6.0 and the mean size (maximum diameter) 19.8 ± 10.4 mm (mean ± SD). One histologically proven EPTB patient had non avid lesions in FDG PET-CT scan.&#x0D; Conclusion: 18F FDG PET-CT scan plays an important role in the localization, extension and differentiation between active and latent TB. In this study, the metabolic activity and size of the involved tubercular lymph nodes were increased in active lesions. Increased FDG uptake in active tubercular lesions may help in treatment monitoring of EPTB. Non avid lesions in EPTB patients revealed suggested latent TB which can change further management plan. Although PET-CT is an expensive technology, application of this sophisticated imaging technique in atypical or doubtful cases of EPTB might modify the treatment plan significantly after proper evaluation of the disease status. , 18F FDG PET-CT scan will be helpful to evaluate the disease status and modification of treatment regime in non-responders cost-effectively. A nationwide large-scale study would be the better way for clinical validation.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 22(1): 9-14, Jan 2019   </jats:p

Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTI) are associated with significant morbidity and potential long term complication like extensive renal scarring leading to end stage renal disease. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of treatment is necessary to prevent long term complications. Knowledge about bacteriological profile of pediatric urinary tract infections and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is helpful for initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the causative bacteria and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of community acquired UTI in children attending outpatient department of a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in pediatric outpatient department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh over 6 month period from 1st January 2017 to 30th June 2017. Children aged &lt; 12 year who presented with clinical features suggestive of urinary tract infection were subjected for urinary routine and microscopic examination and culture. Colony counts of the culture positive cases were done and antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns were studied. Samples with colony count of ≥ 105 CFU/ml were considered significant. Among the 134 clinically suspected cases significant bacteriuria was found in 81 (60.45%) children. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (74.1%) followed by Proteus (9.8%), Klebsiella spp. (8.6%), Pseudomonas (6.2%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.2%). E. coli was found to be highly sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin. Klebsiella showed good sensitivity against ciprofloxacin and imipenem whereas proteus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus saprophyticus showed sensitivity against imipenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Increased resistance was noted against the commonly used empirical antibiotics such as cephradin, cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole. Therefore, selection of empirical therapy should be based on local bacteriological profile and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern.&#x0D; TAJ 2020; 33(2): 27-31</jats:p

Syndromic survey de-identified data in SPSS

De-identified syndromic survey data made available in SPSS format. This supports the PLOS ONE paper, "An epidemic of chikungunya in northwestern Bangladesh in 2011" and is hosted on Figshare

De-identified clinical survey data in SPSS

Data from suspect case from each of the first 30 households visited in each ward. Data published to support the paper, "An epidemic of chikungunya in north-western Bangladesh in 2011"