Unusual temporal variations in the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Black Sea during 1990-1996

The chlorophyll-a data set established by Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Romania was evaluated for the 1990-1996 period and only the surface chlorophyll-a was evaluated and interpreted for different parts of the Black Sea. Three well defined chlorophyll-a maxima were observed in the surface waters in the shelf region: a winter maximum in January-February, a spring-early summer one in May-June and an autumn peak in September-November. One of the expected results was the high level of chlorophyll-a concentration in shelf waters (0.02-34.0 mu gL(-1) as the range of monthly averages) compared to deep regions (0.02-2.5 mu gL(-1)) throughout the whole year. Chlorophyll-a data related to deeper central part of the Black Sea showed different and unusual trends in terms of seasonal and interannual variability's. A late winter blooming continued with slightly decreasing trend till late spring which collapsed during May. The developments of moderate mid-summer and autumn blooms were also observed. A very unusual development of phytoplankton population in 1992 mid-summer caused formation of a chlorophyll-a peak which was almost at the same order of magnitude with winter-spring bloom

Unusual temporal variations in the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Black Sea during 1990-1996

The chlorophyll-a data set established by Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Romania was evaluated for the 1990-1996 period and only the surface chlorophyll-a was evaluated and interpreted for different parts of the Black Sea. Three well defined chlorophyll-a maxima were observed in the surface waters in the shelf region: a winter maximum in January-February, a spring-early summer one in May-June and an autumn peak in September-November. One of the expected results was the high level of chlorophyll-a concentration in shelf waters (0.02-34.0 mu gL(-1) as the range of monthly averages) compared to deep regions (0.02-2.5 mu gL(-1)) throughout the whole year. Chlorophyll-a data related to deeper central part of the Black Sea showed different and unusual trends in terms of seasonal and interannual variability's. A late winter blooming continued with slightly decreasing trend till late spring which collapsed during May. The developments of moderate mid-summer and autumn blooms were also observed. A very unusual development of phytoplankton population in 1992 mid-summer caused formation of a chlorophyll-a peak which was almost at the same order of magnitude with winter-spring bloom

Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes Types 1–5: Updates from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

According to the recent definition proposed by the Consensus conference on Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Group (Ronco in Cardiorenal Med 1:3\u20134, 2011), the term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) has been used to define different clinical conditions in which heart and kidney dysfunction overlap. Type 1 CRS (acute cardiorenal syndrome) is characterized by acute worsening of cardiac function leading to AKI (Ronco in Contrib Nephrol 164:33\u201338, 2010; Eren et al. in Cardiorenal Med 2:168\u2013176, 2012) in the setting of active cardiac disease such as ADHF, while type 2 CRS occurs in a setting of chronic cardiac decompensation. Type 3 CRS is closely linked to acute kidney injury (AKI), while type 4 represents cardiovascular involvement in patients with chronic kidney disease. Type 5 CRS represents cardiac and renal involvement in several diseases such as sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome, and immune-mediated diseases. Understanding the clinical phenotype of CRS is critical in initiating appropriate therapy and applying the underlying pathophysiologic principles in each subtype to achieve optimal outcomes

Unexplored therapeutic opportunities in the human genome

A large proportion of biomedical research and the development of therapeutics is focused on a small fraction of the human genome. In a strategic effort to map the knowledge gaps around proteins encoded by the human genome and to promote the exploration of currently understudied, but potentially druggable, proteins, the US National Institutes of Health launched the Illuminating the Druggable Genome (IDG) initiative in 2014. In this article, we discuss how the systematic collection and processing of a wide array of genomic, proteomic, chemical and disease-related resource data by the IDG Knowledge Management Center have enabled the development of evidence-based criteria for tracking the target development level (TDL) of human proteins, which indicates a substantial knowledge deficit for approximately one out of three proteins in the human proteome. We then present spotlights on the TDL categories as well as key drug target classes, including G protein-coupled receptors, protein kinases and ion channels, which illustrate the nature of the unexplored opportunities for biomedical research and therapeutic development