The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Neuroprogressive Diseases: Emerging Pathophysiological Role and Translational Implications

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main cellular organelle involved in protein synthesis, assembly and secretion. Accumulating evidence shows that across several neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive diseases, ER stress ensues, which is accompanied by over-activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although the UPR could initially serve adaptive purposes in conditions associated with higher cellular demands and after exposure to a range of pathophysiological insults, over time the UPR may become detrimental, thus contributing to neuroprogression. Herein, we propose that immune-inflammatory, neuro-oxidative, neuro-nitrosative, as well as mitochondrial pathways may reciprocally interact with aberrations in UPR pathways. Furthermore, ER stress may contribute to a deregulation in calcium homoeostasis. The common denominator of these pathways is a decrease in neuronal resilience, synaptic dysfunction and even cell death. This review also discusses how mechanisms related to ER stress could be explored as a source for novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive diseases. The design of randomised controlled trials testing compounds that target aberrant UPR-related pathways within the emerging framework of precision psychiatry is warranted

Métodos de ensino nos jogos esportivos

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os métodos de ensino nos jogos esportivos coletivos, sendo descrito os métodos de ensino desde uma perspectiva didática, focalizando os métodos de ensino em função ao estilo, à técnica, ao recurso e à estratégia de ensino. Nesse sentido, a estratégia que oferece melhores vantagens para conseguir um adequado processo de ensino-aprendizagem nos fundamentos técnicos e táticos seria a teoria estrutural, sobretudo para crianças que se encontram em processo de formação esportiva, visando uma aprendizagem construtivista. Palavras chave: Métodos, ensino, estratégias. ABSTRACT The objective was to examine the methods of education in sports groups, and described the methods of teaching from a didactic perspective, focusing on the teaching methods depending on the style, the technique, the action and strategy for education. Accordingly, the strategy that offers better benefits to achieve an appropriate teaching-learning process in technical and tactical foundations would be structural theory, especially for children who are in the process of athletic training, to a constructivist learning. Keywords: Methods, teaching, strategies.</div