Progress in community policing

This article examines the development of community-based policing in the\ud United States and the Netherlands. These two countries were selected because\ud the United States has been the forerunner of research into the police and one\ud of the first countries to attempt to introduce on a wide-scale, and conduct\ud research into community policing. In the Netherlands, the Major Cities Policy,\ud a governmental approach to addressing the cities' problems provided an\ud interesting basis for comparison. Policy or operational changes in the police\ud organization are generally influenced by the political climate and or scientific\ud research. Both of these factors played a major role in the US. This section\ud begins with a brief historical view of the factors which brought about changes\ud within American policing, ultimately resulting in a new concept of community\ud policing. This is followed by developments which led to community policing or\ud the concept of the 'neighbourhood teams' (wijkbureaus) in the Netherlands

Quantum theory and chemistry: Two propositions

Two propositions concerning quantum chemistry are proposed. First, it is proposed that the nonrelativistic Schroedinger equation, where the Hamiltonian operator is associated with an assemblage of nuclei and electrons, can never be arranged to yield specific molecules in the chemists' sense. It is argued that this result is a necessary condition if the Schroedinger has relevancy to chemistry. Second, once a system is in a particular state with regard to interactions among its components (the assemblage of nuclei and electrons), it cannot spontaneously eliminate any of those interactions. This leads to a subtle form of irreversibility

Modified Iterative Extended Hueckel. 1: Theory

Iterative Extended Huekel is modified by inclusion of explicit effective internuclear and electronic interactions. The one electron energies are shown to obey a variational principle because of the form of the effective electronic interactions. The modifications permit mimicking of aspects of valence bond theory with the additional feature that the energies associated with valence bond type structures are explicitly calculated. In turn, a hybrid molecular, orbital valence, bond scheme is introduced which incorporates variant total molecular electronic density distributions similar to the way that Iterative Extended Hueckel incorporates atoms

American Politics on the Edge

Currently there are two major strategies attempting to thwart the rightward lurch of United States politics: liberals and leftists who place faith in their ability to push the Democratic party away from its current center-right orientation; and the new social movements which, disdaining electoral politics and party organization have elevated the concept of protest and resistance to the level of a principle and social strategy. This article argues that we desperately need a discussion about the possibility and justification for the formation of a new radical party which combines the best of the electoral and extra electoral experiences of progressive movements

American Politics on the Edge

Currently there are two major strategies attempting to thwart the rightward lurch of United States politics: liberals and leftists who place faith in their ability to push the Democratic party away from its current center-right orientation; and the new social movements which, disdaining electoral politics and party organization have elevated the concept of protest and resistance to the level of a principle and social strategy. This article argues that we desperately need a discussion about the possibility and justification for the formation of a new radical party which combines the best of the electoral and extra electoral experiences of progressive movements

Rational Structures in Learning and Memory

My dissertation aims to disrupt an increasingly ubiquitous view of epistemology which claim that we can study rationality by considering a single belief at a single time. I target three areas where diachronic (i.e. temporal) factors make a difference in the three sections: 1. memory, a system of tremendous importance in our cognitive lives yet which is often reduced to a one-sided question of whether to trust what one’s memory says, 2. learning, where I argue that we should sometimes believe in a way that’s not warranted or reasonable in light of our current evidence, but which puts us in a better position to acquire evidence in the future, and 3. the connection between memory and learning, as exemplified in the case of remembering anomalous events. This project is important because our whole lives are organized around getting things right at the right time. When we try to act morally, we might try to have a life that is built around moral principles, or to become wiser and kinder over time, as opposed to amassing a collection of acts that all have independent moral value. I think the same thing is true of our endeavors to acquire knowledge the process of inquiry is not made up of individual, independent good inferences that happen to follow one another, but is instead about a trajectory where we learn over time, and take the right steps now to get things right in the future, and overall. So I think that to understand this more complete sense of inquiry, philosophy needs to make a place for memory, the system that sustains and directs inquiry in the background, over long periods of time even as the sciences are learning more and more about how natural memory systems work, philosophers have boxed it out of relevance.My methodology is to study natural and artificial learning and memory systems as a process of discovery, a way of using real-world cases as inspiration and guide to the normative landscape. Conversely, I hope that figuring out new normative possibilities can shed light on empirical facts - though this is not the main focus of my dissertation.PHDPhilosophyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145896/1/skaron_1.pd

Retracing the Antitrust Roots of Section 1972 of the Bank Holding Company Act

In 1956 Congress enacted the Bank Holding Company Act\u27 (BHCA) to provide safeguards against undue concentration in the control of banking activities. Congress intended the regulations to protect the economy from anticompetitive combinations of banking and non- banking enterprises held under singular control. Still concerned with the faded line between banking and commerce, in 1970 Congress in- creased the scope\u27 of the BHCA with a series of amendments, including an anti-tying provision. Specifically, 12 U.S.C. section 1972 prohibits anticompetitive practices that require bank customers to accept or provide some other service or product or refrain from dealing with other parties to obtain a bank product or service.\u27 Congress acted to counter the lender\u27s economic power, which, by enticing customers to enter into economically disadvantageous transactions, might give the bank the ability to lessen competition. Consequently, this section prevents banks from imposing anticompetitive tying arrangements. In this manner, Congress explicitly added antitrust dimensions to the BHCA. Like its antitrust counterparts, the anti-tying amendment provides for treble damages and the recovery of attorney\u27s fees, thus encouraging borrowers to bring a section 1972 claim along with other fair lending claims.\u27 Despite the financial incentives to bring a section 1972 suit challenging onerous bank practices, few plaintiffs have brought suit under the BHCA in the first two decades of its existence. In the last several years, however, Congress has increased the incentives to employ section 1972. First, in 1989 Congress amended the statute to increase the daily fines during a violation. In addition, recent developments in Chapter 11 federal bankruptcy law have provided creditors with a legal forum to challenge banking practices. Thus, under current law, not only are the stakes higher, but borrowers also have the means and the motive to sue banks

Your Career: Ten Steps to Making a Career Change

Many of us anticipate the beginning of a new year with a sense of optimism. If you have been thinking about a change in your professional life, you may have an earnest but ill-defined New Year\u27s resolution to make it happen in 2014. It\u27s rare for such an opportunity to land in one\u27s lap. Rather than relying on chance, here are some tangible strategies to bring those plans to fruition

Using Multiple Methodologies to Understand within Species Variability of Adelges and Pineus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)

The species of two genera in Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae were investigated through the lenses of genetics, morphology, life cycle and host species. The systematics are unclear due to complex life cycles, including multigenerational polymorphism, host switching and cyclical parthenogenesis. I studied the hemlock adelgids, including the nonnative invasive hemlock woolly adelgid on the east coast of the United States, that are currently viewed as a single species. I used multivariate morphometric analyses to identify morphological differences among hemlock adelgid lineages. With principal component analyses and MANOVA, the six lineages that were used in this study were found to be significantly different from each other. The findings of this project provide evidence for taxonomic designation of different hemlock adelgid lineages, which will hopefully inform regulation of these distinct lineages, as these distinctions between the lineages of hemlock adelgids could equate to other biological differences, ex. cold tolerance, host specialization, fecundity and dispersal ability. I also investigated the relationship between species Pineus similis, Pineus abietinus through phylogeny, genetic distances, life cycle and host species. This was done through using three mitochondrial (COI, COII, cytB) and one nuclear (EF1a) gene, in Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, along with genetic distance measurements. The P. similis and P. abietinus on Pinus could not be separated within the Bayesian analyses, and P. similis and P. abietinus on Abies had low calculated distance measurements (2.98%) compared to the average distance between species within the genus (28.07%). These two studies emphasize the current confusion within the Adelgidae family, and the results presented in this thesis stress the importance of using components of multiple species concepts to better understand the systematics of these lineages

Memory Structure and Cognitive Maps

A common way to understand memory structures in the cognitive sciences is as a cognitive map​. Cognitive maps are representational systems organized by dimensions shared with physical space. The appeal to these maps begins literally: as an account of how spatial information is represented and used to inform spatial navigation. Invocations of cognitive maps, however, are often more ambitious; cognitive maps are meant to scale up and provide the basis for our more sophisticated memory capacities. The extension is not meant to be metaphorical, but the way in which these richer mental structures are supposed to remain map-like is rarely made explicit. Here we investigate this missing link, asking: how do cognitive maps represent non-spatial information?​ We begin with a survey of foundational work on spatial cognitive maps and then provide a comparative review of alternative, non-spatial representational structures. We then turn to several cutting-edge projects that are engaged in the task of scaling up cognitive maps so as to accommodate non-spatial information: first, on the spatial-isometric approach​ , encoding content that is non-spatial but in some sense isomorphic to spatial content; second, on the ​ abstraction approach​ , encoding content that is an abstraction over first-order spatial information; and third, on the ​ embedding approach​ , embedding non-spatial information within a spatial context, a prominent example being the Method-of-Loci. Putting these cases alongside one another reveals the variety of options available for building cognitive maps, and the distinctive limitations of each. We conclude by reflecting on where these results take us in terms of understanding the place of cognitive maps in memory