Caractérisation des propriétés électromagnétiques des matériaux magnétiquement doux : application aux roues polaires de machine à griffes

Electrical energy conversion devices are based on the use of electromagnetic properties of iron and its alloys. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of these properties is required for the designers. The characteristics of the soft magnetic materials, typically those of a claw pole rotor, can be significantly impacted by the manufacturing processes. Consequently, these properties must be characterized directly on the manufactured magnetic piece. In this work, a non-destructive measurement method combining an operative approach and the finite element simulation is proposed to characterize the local electrical conductivity of the claw pole rotor. The choice of the experimental parameters associated to the claw pole rotor geometry is optimized using the Ishikawa diagram. Then, the measurement uncertainty is determined using two different approaches. This method is applied to perform a study on a population of claw pole rotors issued from the manufacturing chain. Secondly, the method is extended to incremental permeability measurement. Tests on thick sheets were realized to validate the proposed approach with the same type of sensor. Moreover, a complementary study in 3D finite element has emphasized the limitations of the analytical approach, especially when the permeability of the plate and its thickness become significant. Finally, this method is applied to the case of claw pole rotors through a qualitative approach for a quality control application.La construction électrique reposant en grande partie sur l’utilisation des propriétés électromagnétiques du fer et de ses alliages, les concepteurs ont besoin d’une connaissance précise de ces propriétés. Les caractéristiques des matériaux magnétiques doux, typiquement celles de l’acier des roues polaires d'une machine à griffes, peuvent être notablement impactées par les procédés de fabrication. Celles-ci doivent alors être caractérisées directement sur la pièce finale. Dans ce travail, on propose une méthode de mesure non destructive combinant une démarche opératoire et la simulation par éléments finis afin de caractériser la conductivité électrique locale des roues polaires. Afin d’adapter les paramètres expérimentaux à la géométrie de la pièce considérée, et à l’aide d’un diagramme 5M (ou diagramme d'Ishikawa), une démarche d’optimisation de la méthode est entreprise. Puis l’incertitude de mesure est déterminée à l’aide de deux démarches différentes. Cette méthode est ensuite exploitée pour mener une étude sur une population de roues polaires extraites de la chaîne de production. Dans un second temps, la méthode est étendue pour la mesure de perméabilité incrémentale. Des essais sur tôles épaisses ont permis de valider l’approche proposée à l'aide du même type de capteur. Par ailleurs, une étude complémentaire par éléments finis 3D a permis de mettre en évidence les limites de l'approche analytique, notamment lorsque la perméabilité de la plaque et son épaisseur deviennent trop importantes. Finalement, cette méthode est appliquée au cas des roues polaire, dans le cadre d’une approche qualitative, en vue d’une application de type contrôle qualité

Characterization of the local Electrical Properties of Electrical Machine Parts with non-Trivial Geometry

In electrical machines, knowing the electrical conductivity is of importance for the eddy current calculation, especially when massive iron parts are involved. Generally the conductivity is measured on samples of raw materials with simple geometries. Indeed, a simple geometry is suitable for applying an analytical approach to deduce the electrical conductivity from the measured electrical quantities. Nevertheless, when a non destructive measurement is required, the measurement of the electrical conductivity can become rather difficult on parts with complex geometry. To that end, with the help of the Finite Element Modeling approach (FEM), a strategy is developed to characterize the local electrical properties of parts with a non-trivial geometry

Characterization of the local incremental permeability of a ferromagnetic plate based on a four needles technique

The performances of electrical machines depend highly on the behavior of ferromagnetic materials. In some applications, these materials operate under DC polarization, i.e. when the magnetic field oscillates around a DC bias. In that condition, it is required to know the incremental permeability which characterizes the magnetic behavior of the material around the operating point. In this paper, a non-destructive approach, involving a combination of experiment and Finite Element (FE) technique, is presented in order to determine the incremental permeability. The proposed sensor is based on the four-needles method. With this sensor, Bowler et al. have proposed a method to determine the initial permeability of homogeneous metal plates based on an analytical model. Here we propose to use the same kind of sensor to determine the incremental permeability. The measurement process is analyzed using a FE model. It is shown that the analytical approach reaches its limits if the permeability of the plate and its thickness become too high. A combination between the measurements and a FE model is introduced to overcome thi

Development and validation of an electrical and magnetic characterization device for massive parallelepiped specimens

Claw pole (CP) machine performances are strongly related to the electromagnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. These properties are impacted by the manufacturing processes, in a heterogeneous way, as well as by the thermal behavior of the machine and mechanical constraints. Due to the complexity of CP geometry, extracted samples cannot respect the dimensions prescribed in international standards of electric and magnetic measurements. This paper proposes a specific methodology to characterize the electrical conductivity and the magnetic behavior of massive parallelepiped specimens extracted from different locations of a CP rotor

Magnetic ageing investigation of bulk low-carbon silicon steel

In this paper, the magnetic ageing of a bulk forged non-annealed magnetic core, used in claw pole synchronous machine, is investigated. The study is carried out by characterizing the material properties of two groups of samples subjected to a thermal ageing at 180 °C that corresponds to the maximum operating temperature of the claw pole rotor. The investigated characteristics are the electrical conductivity, the magnetic properties, the material microstructure and the Vickers hardness. They were characterized along with the ageing time. The results show that, during the thermal ageing, the hysteresis losses and the Vickers hardness have been affected by the magnetic ageing, whereas the electric conductivity and the normal B-H curve have not been modified. The microstructure analyses showed that carbides precipitates were the main cause behind the magnetic ageing. Moreover, the comparison between the results of two groups of samples revealed the possibility that the magnetic ageing of the material could have started during the manufacturing process of the magnetic core

Magneto-thermal characterization of bulk forged magnetic steel used in claw pole machine

During the operation of Claw Pole (CP) machines, and for some operating loads, the magnetic core temperature can reach 180°C in some hot spots. As a consequence, the core electromagnetic properties may considerably change, impacting the machine performances. In such a case, a deep knowledge of the electromagnetic behavior as a function of the temperature is required. In this paper, we present a dedicated study of the CP rotor made from a forged magnetic steel. In fact, the CP magnetic properties heterogeneity and the claw shape made it necessary to extract specific samples that are characterized with a miniaturized Single Sheet Tester (SST). To that end, this work proposes a specific methodology to characterize the electromagnetic properties of the CP rotor material as a function of the temperature in order to better predict the machine electrical performances, especially regarding the iron losses

Characterization of the electromagnetic properties of soft magnetic materials : application to a claw pole rotor

La construction électrique reposant en grande partie sur l’utilisation des propriétés électromagnétiques du fer et de ses alliages, les concepteurs ont besoin d’une connaissance précise de ces propriétés. Les caractéristiques des matériaux magnétiques doux, typiquement celles de l’acier des roues polaires d'une machine à griffes, peuvent être notablement impactées par les procédés de fabrication. Celles-ci doivent alors être caractérisées directement sur la pièce finale. Dans ce travail, on propose une méthode de mesure non destructive combinant une démarche opératoire et la simulation par éléments finis afin de caractériser la conductivité électrique locale des roues polaires. Afin d’adapter les paramètres expérimentaux à la géométrie de la pièce considérée, et à l’aide d’un diagramme 5M (ou diagramme d'Ishikawa), une démarche d’optimisation de la méthode est entreprise. Puis l’incertitude de mesure est déterminée à l’aide de deux démarches différentes. Cette méthode est ensuite exploitée pour mener une étude sur une population de roues polaires extraites de la chaîne de production. Dans un second temps, la méthode est étendue pour la mesure de perméabilité incrémentale. Des essais sur tôles épaisses ont permis de valider l’approche proposée à l'aide du même type de capteur. Par ailleurs, une étude complémentaire par éléments finis 3D a permis de mettre en évidence les limites de l'approche analytique, notamment lorsque la perméabilité de la plaque et son épaisseur deviennent trop importantes. Finalement, cette méthode est appliquée au cas des roues polaire, dans le cadre d’une approche qualitative, en vue d’une application de type contrôle qualité.Electrical energy conversion devices are based on the use of electromagnetic properties of iron and its alloys. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of these properties is required for the designers. The characteristics of the soft magnetic materials, typically those of a claw pole rotor, can be significantly impacted by the manufacturing processes. Consequently, these properties must be characterized directly on the manufactured magnetic piece. In this work, a non-destructive measurement method combining an operative approach and the finite element simulation is proposed to characterize the local electrical conductivity of the claw pole rotor. The choice of the experimental parameters associated to the claw pole rotor geometry is optimized using the Ishikawa diagram. Then, the measurement uncertainty is determined using two different approaches. This method is applied to perform a study on a population of claw pole rotors issued from the manufacturing chain. Secondly, the method is extended to incremental permeability measurement. Tests on thick sheets were realized to validate the proposed approach with the same type of sensor. Moreover, a complementary study in 3D finite element has emphasized the limitations of the analytical approach, especially when the permeability of the plate and its thickness become significant. Finally, this method is applied to the case of claw pole rotors through a qualitative approach for a quality control application

Caractérisation non destructive de la conductivité électrique locale d'une pièce en acier forgé de géométrie non triviale

International audienceUne méthode de mesure combinant une démarche opératoire et la simulation par éléments finis est développée afin de caractériser la conductivité électrique locale de pièces massives. La simulation numérique a permis d'optimiser le capteur à développer. Le dispositif expérimental ainsi réalisé est opérationnel et permet en particulier de mesurer la conductivité locale d'une roue polaire en acier massif.

About the use of magnetically hard flexible membranes for tactile interfaces

International audienceDuring the last years, machines have become an integral part of our lives. Consequently there has been an increase of attention given to the subject “Human Machine Interface” (HMI), inter alia containing tactile interfaces. The existing functional principles of tactile interfaces are mostly susceptible to humidity and can be used only with bare hands (resistive, capacitive) or are quite costly (NFI) and offer only optical feedbacks. The introduction of flexible magnetic material to the technical domain of tactile interfaces offers an alternative functional principle that can overcome these deficiencies

Characterization of Permanent Magnet Magnetization

WOS:00041398130029