Urgensi Larangan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia di Suriah menurut The Chemical Weapon Convention 1993

This study aims to determine and analyze the application of The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 "CWC" in the prohibition of the Use of Chemical Weapons and to identify and analyze the protection of victims against the impact of the use of chemical weapons in Syria. The research method used is a normative juridical research type. The results showed that the application of The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 "CWC" in the prohibition of the use of chemical weapons that Syria's violation of the provisions stipulated by International Humanitarian Law and the settlement made by the OPCW and the United Nations in their cooperation which was resolved only limited to the destruction of weapons. owned by Syria again, no criminal sanctions were found for perpetrators of violations of International Humanitarian Law. Protection of victims against the effects of the use of chemical weapons in Syria is carried out according to the 1949 Geneva Conventions based on Article 27 of Geneva Convention IV 1949, namely: The protected person has the right, in all circumstances, to obtain respect for himself, his dignity, the rights of his family, religious beliefs and worship, and habits and customs. They are treated humanely and protected at all times, in particular against all forms of violence or threats of violence and against public humiliation and curiosity.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penerapan The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 “CWC” dalam larangan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia dan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan korban terhadap dampak penggunaan senjata kimia di Suriah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tipe penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 “CWC” dalam larangan penggunaan senjata kimia bahwa pelanggaran Suriah terhadap ketentuan-ketentuan yang sudah diatur oleh Hukum Humaniter Internasional dan penyelesaian yang dilakukan oleh OPCW dan PBB dalam kerja sama mereka yang diselesaikan hanya sebatas pemusnahan senjata yang dimiliki oleh Suriah lagi-lagi tidak ditemukannya pemberian sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Perlindungan korban terhadap dampak penggunaan senjata kimia di Suriah dilakukan menurut Konvensi Jenewa 1949 berdasarkan Pasal 27 Konvensi Jenewa IV 1949 yaitu Orang yang dilindungi berhak, dalam segala keadaan, untuk memperoleh penghormatan atas dirinya, martabatnya, hak-hak keluarganya, keyakinan dan ibadah keagamaannya, dan kebiasaan serta adat-istiadatnya. Mereka setiap saat diperlakukan secara manusiawi dan dilindungi, terutama terhadap segala bentuk kekerasan atau ancaman kekerasan dan terhadap penghinaan dan keingintahuan publik

Pemanfaatan Komposit Dari Kitosan Dan Pektin Dari Kulit Buah Jeruk Sebagai Adsorben Limbah Laundry

Abstrak Perkembangan industri jasa seperti jasa laundry di Indonesia setiap tahunnya semakin meningkat. Hal ini mengakibatkan adanya efek negatif bagi ekosistem air yang berupa limbah laundry. Kandungan fosfat dan COD yang terdapat pada limbah laundry yang berpotensi untuk memberikan efek kerusakan bagi ekosistem air. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukannya upaya untuk mengurangi kandungan tersebut sebelum limbah dibuang ke lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan adsorbsi dengan menggunakan kitosan dan pektin. Kitosan dan pektin dipilih sebagai adsorben karena kitosan merupakan salah satu polimer yang ramah terhadap lingkungan dan merupakan bahan alami yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengolahan limbah cair. Sedangkan dalam pektin banyak mengandung gugus aktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben. Dari penelitiaan didapat kadar awal COD dan fosfat pada limbah laundry sebelum dilakukan adsorbsi masing-masing adalah 738,112 mg/l dan 0,414 mg/l. Setelah dilukakan adsorbsi waktu terbaik yang didapat adalah 25 menit dengan kadar akhir COD dan fosfat masing-masing 639,899 mg/l dan 0,250 mg/l. Kata kunci : Limbah laundry, Kitosan, Pektin, COD, fosfat, adsorbsi, Abstract The development of service industries such as laundry services in Indonesia is increasing every year. This results in a negative impact on the water ecosystem in the form of laundry waste. Phosphate and COD contained in laundry waste that has the potential to have a detrimental effect on the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore it is necessary to make efforts to reduce the content before the waste is discharged into the environment. In this research adsorption was carried out using chitosan and pectin. Chitosan and pectin were chosen as adsorbents because chitosan is an environmentally friendly polymer and is a natural material that can be used for wastewater treatment. Whereas in pectin there are many active groups which can be used as adsorbents. From the research, the initial levels of COD and phosphate in laundry waste before adsorption were obtained, respectively 738,112 mg / l and 0,414 mg / l. After adsorption, the best time was 25 minutes with final levels of COD and phosphate 639,899 mg / l and 0,250 mg / l respectively. Keywords: Laundry waste, Chitosan, Pectin, COD, phosphate, adsorption

Fast Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Low Concentration of Seminyak (<i>Champeria</i> sp.) Leaf Extract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are fascinating materials for biomedical applications thanks to their strong antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. This study applied the green synthesis method using 0.5 wt.% Seminyak leaf extract and assisted with one min microwave irradiation to enhance AgNPs formation. Extremely small sizes AgNPs with an average particle size of 9.1 ± 4.1 nm and spherical shapes were obtained. The synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a zone of inhibition of 12.3 ± 0.1 and 13.7 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. The MTT assay results demonstrated that the cells’ viability of the obtained AgNPs was 88.5 ± 7.0 %, implying biocompatibility for biomedical applications

f(R) theories

Over the past decade, f(R) theories have been extensively studied as one of the simplest modifications to General Relativity. In this article we review various applications of f(R) theories to cosmology and gravity - such as inflation, dark energy, local gravity constraints, cosmological perturbations, and spherically symmetric solutions in weak and strong gravitational backgrounds. We present a number of ways to distinguish those theories from General Relativity observationally and experimentally. We also discuss the extension to other modified gravity theories such as Brans-Dicke theory and Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and address models that can satisfy both cosmological and local gravity constraints.Comment: 156 pages, 14 figures, Invited review article in Living Reviews in Relativity, Published version, Comments are welcom

Homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment during development, aging and in response to trauma, disease and toxic insult

The endoneurial microenvironment, delimited by the endothelium of endoneurial vessels and a multi-layered ensheathing perineurium, is a specialized milieu intérieur within which axons, associated Schwann cells and other resident cells of peripheral nerves function. The endothelium and perineurium restricts as well as regulates exchange of material between the endoneurial microenvironment and the surrounding extracellular space and thus is more appropriately described as a blood–nerve interface (BNI) rather than a blood–nerve barrier (BNB). Input to and output from the endoneurial microenvironment occurs via blood–nerve exchange and convective endoneurial fluid flow driven by a proximo-distal hydrostatic pressure gradient. The independent regulation of the endothelial and perineurial components of the BNI during development, aging and in response to trauma is consistent with homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment. Pathophysiological alterations of the endoneurium in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), and diabetic and lead neuropathy are considered to be perturbations of endoneurial homeostasis. The interactions of Schwann cells, axons, macrophages, and mast cells via cell–cell and cell–matrix signaling regulate the permeability of this interface. A greater knowledge of the dynamic nature of tight junctions and the factors that induce and/or modulate these key elements of the BNI will increase our understanding of peripheral nerve disorders as well as stimulate the development of therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders

S-2-hydroxyglutarate regulates CD8+ T-lymphocyte fate.

R-2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates to millimolar levels in cancer cells with gain-of-function isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutations. These levels of R-2-hydroxyglutarate affect 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Both metabolite enantiomers, R- and S-2-hydroxyglutarate, are detectible in healthy individuals, yet their physiological function remains elusive. Here we show that 2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates in mouse CD8+ T cells in response to T-cell receptor triggering, and accumulates to millimolar levels in physiological oxygen conditions through a hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent mechanism. S-2-hydroxyglutarate predominates over R-2-hydroxyglutarate in activated T cells, and we demonstrate alterations in markers of CD8+ T-cell differentiation in response to this metabolite. Modulation of histone and DNA demethylation, as well as HIF-1α stability, mediate these effects. S-2-hydroxyglutarate treatment greatly enhances the in vivo proliferation, persistence and anti-tumour capacity of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. Thus, S-2-hydroxyglutarate acts as an immunometabolite that links environmental context, through a metabolic-epigenetic axis, to immune fate and function

Proses penyelesaian permohonan dispensasi nikah pada pengadilan agama

viii, 81 hlm.; 29 cm