Ação inseticida do extrato de Derris amazonica Killip para Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

A abundância e o potencial inseticida de Derris amazonica e a necessidade de controle de Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) estimularam a realização desta pesquisa, que objetivou avaliar a ação inseticida do extrato de D. amazonica a adultos de C. arcuatus em condições de laboratório. Os bioensaios testaram as vias de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas contaminadas, contato com superfície contaminada e aplicação tópica, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os valores de mortalidade e consumo foliar dos insetos foram submetidos à análise de regressão, sendo utilizada a análise de Probit para determinação das CL50, da DL50 e dos TL50. O extrato de D. amazonica, contendo 3,7% de rotenona, foi tóxico para adultos de C. arcuatus via ingestão de folhas contaminadas (CL50=15,14 µL do extrato.mL-1 de água), superfície contaminada (CL50=0,45 µL do extrato.cm-2) e aplicação tópica (DL50=1,44 µL do extrato.g-1 do inseto). Mortalidades de adultos de C. arcuatus superiores a 80% e os menores tempos letais médios foram obtidos na concentração de 5% (v v-1) do extrato em todos os bioensaios. O consumo foliar de adultos de C. arcuatus foi inversamente proporcional a concentração do extrato quando expostos por via de ingestão foliar ou aplicação tópica, sendo inclusive observada inibição da alimentação dos indivíduos. O extrato de D. amazonica é tóxico para C. arcuatus e inibe a alimentação dos insetos a partir da concentração de 1% (v v-1).The abundance and insecticidal potential of Derris amazonica in addition to need of controlling Cerotoma arcuatus for bean crop stimulated this research. The objective of this work was to evaluate insecticide action of the extract of D. amazonica to adults of C. arcuatus in laboratory conditions. The bioassays were carried out using three distend methodologies: leaf intake, contact in treated surface (filter paper) and topical application. A completed randomized experimental design was used with four replications. Mortality values and leaf consumption of the insects were subjected to regression analyses, being the Probit analyses used to determine of the i.e., LC50, LT50 and LD50. The extract of D. amazonica containing 3.7% of rotenone was toxic to adults C. arcuatus when exposed to treated leaves (LC50 = 15.14 µl.mL-1), treated surface (LC50 = 0.45 µl.cm-2) and subjected to topical exposure (LD50 = 1.44 µl.g-1). In all bioassays the adults mortality was higher than 80% with lower median lethal times obtained with 5% (v.v-1) concentrations of the extract. Leaf consumption by adults C. arcuatus was inversely proportional to the concentration of the extract when exposed by leaf intake or topical application, also being observed inhibition of feeding individuals. The extract of D. amazonica is toxic to C. arcuatus and inhibits the feeding of insects from the concentration of 1% (v v-1)

Eugenol como anestésico para oscar, Astronotus ocellatus

The use of anesthetics in fish farming is a practice to control fish stress. The oscar is a native fish from Amazon and it is of great importance to ornamental fish farming around the World. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the sedative effect of eugenol in juvenile oscar, it used juveniles with body weight of 4.61 ± 0.83 g and total length of 6.36 ± 0.32 cm. These juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of eugenol and then placed for recovery in aquariums with no eugenol. Four doses were evaluated: 40; 60; 80 and 100 mg/L. The time values of sedation stages and recovery stages, as well as the amount of time to complete sedation and return to normal swimming were analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05) and polynomial regression. The author observed that the higher the concentration of eugenol is, the less the sedation time is. In the recovery stage, there was no significant effect to the concentrations of 60, 80 and 100 mg/L. The best concentration of eugenol to sedation of juvenile oscar was 80 mg/L.A utilização de anestésicos durante práticas de manejo na piscicultura é considerada uma medida mitigadora do estresse dos peixes. A espécie utilizada no experimento, o oscar, é um peixe nativo da Bacia Amazônica de grande importância para a piscicultura ornamen- tal e amplamente difundida na aquariofilia mundial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito anestésico do eugenol sobre juvenis de oscar. Foram utilizados juvenis com peso de 4,61 ± 0,83 g e comprimento total de 6,36 ± 0,32 cm submetidos a diferentes concentrações de eugenol na água, em aquários distintos e posteriormente foi observada sua recuperação em aquários sem eugenol. Foram avaliadas quatro concentrações de eugenol: 40; 60; 80 e 100 mg/L. Os valores referentes ao tempo de permanência nos estágios de sedação e recuperação, bem como o tempo para completa sedação e retorno à natação normal foram avaliados e analisados via ANOVA (p<0,05) e regressão polinomial. Foi observado que quanto maior a concentração, menor foi o tempo de indução à anestesia dos peixes. Para a recuperação não ocorreu efeito entre as concentrações de 60, 80 e 100 mg/L. A melhor concentração de eugenol para a sedação dos juvenis de oscar é 80 mg/L

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora